Group VIII-No. 246 



Price 10 cents 




LETIC TRAINING 
for SCHOOL J 

BOYS ^ " 



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Indigestion Treated by Gymnastics, 
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No. 62R The Care of the Body 
No. 64R. Muscle Building ; Health by 
Muscular Gymnastics 



ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF PRICE 

7-3-16 




GEORGE W. ORTON. 



Spalding's Athletic Library 




Athletic Training 

for 

School Boys 

Edited by Geo. W. Orton 




Published by the 
American Sports Publishing Company 

21 Warren Street, New York 



&^i 






Copyright. 1916 

BY 

American Sports Publishing Company 
New York 




SEP 12 I9I« 

©CI.A437643 

^1a^ I • 



M' 



(t 





CONILNTS 






PAGE 


Introduction ....... 5 


General Ideas on Training 










7 


Sprinting 










17 


220 Yards 


. 










25 


440 Yards 


. 










29 


880 Yards 


. 










35 


The Mile 


. 










39 


The Two Mile 










47 


Cross-Country Running 










51 


120 Yard Hurdle 










57 


220 Yard Hurdle 










65 


High Jump . 










71 


Broad Jump 












n 


Pole Vault 












83 


The Shot 












87 


The Hammer 












9-« 


The Discus 




1 






» < 


9'i 



BOOKS ON 
TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS 



*'Blue Cover" Series, each number 10 cents. 

No. I2A. Spalding's Official Athletic Rules 

No. 27. College Athletics 

No. 55. Official Sporting Rules 

No. 87. Athletic Primer 

No. 155. Athletes' Guide 

No. 1 78. How to Train for Bicycling 

No. 182. All Around Athletics 

No. 255. How to Run 100 Yards 

No. 259. How to Become a Weight Thrower 

No. 302. Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook 

No. 3 1 7. Marathon Running 

No. 331. Schoolyard Athletics 

No. 342. Walking for Health and Competition 

*'Qreen Cover" Series, each number 10 cents. 

No. 3P. How to Become an AtMete 

No. 4P. How to Sprint 

"Red Cover " Series, each number 25 cents. 

No. 17R. Olympic Games, Stockholm, 1912 

No. 45R. Intercollegiate Official Handbook 

No. 48R. Distance and Cross Country Running 



SPALDING'S OFFICIAL ATHLETIC ALMANAC 
Founded by the late James E. Sullivan, and published annually for 
twenty years. Mr. Sullivan was the foremost authority in the world 
on athletics and the Almanac is recognized as the one reliable 
authority on athletic records. It contains everything of a statistical 
nature that is of interest to the athlete, trainer, club official, or 
follower of track and field sports. Ilhastrated with pictures. 
Price 25 cents. 




INTRODUCTION 



3 



Geo. W. Orton was born at Strathroy, Canada, January lo, 1873. 
When still very young, he fell while climbing trees and received 
a blood clot on the brain. Until this absorbed, he was partially 
paralyzed. But this seemed to leave him when he was about 
twelve years of age, and though still very delicate, he at once 
began to run, being known in the village as "The boy who never 
walked." Besides his running, he was active in all the school 
sports, and when but fourteen years of age played lacrosse on an 
intermediate team and played on a first-class Association foot 
ball team. He was to enter Toronto University in 1890, and 
began to train during the suijnmer to strengthen a weak knee 
that had been injured at foot ball. His father noticed that the 
youngster was running fast and entered him in a set of open 
sports. To the great astonishment of the boy, he won both the 
half and the mile, and a month later, at the Canadian champion- 
ships, he showed such improvement, that he raced A. B. George 
of the old Manhattan A. C. to the tape in 4 minutes 27 4-5 
seconds. The next year, by beating Tommy Conneff in the 
American mile championship, and by making a new Canadian 
record of 4 minutes 21 4-5 seconds, at the Canadian champion- 
ships, Orton was everywhere recognized as a great runner. The 
next season he continued to win, and was very prominent in 
sport until 1900, since when he has gradually dropped out of 
competitive athletics. During his time in athletics he won the 
mile championships of America and Canada six times, the two 
mile American steeplechase championship nine times, the cross 
country American championship and the ten mile American cham- 
pionship. In college sport he was also successful, winning the 
Intercollegiate A. A. A. A. mile championship twice, and making 
a record of 4 minutes 23 2-5 seconds. 

After leaving college he figured in some very important races, 
winning the two mile steeplechase championship of England in 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 

1897, this being the only English distance championship that has 
ever been won by a non-Britisher. In 1900, at the Olympic 
Championships, though defeated in London the previous week, 
he again won the steeplechase championship. He was the only 
American to win a world's championship in a distance event, 
and his victory was very much taken to heart by the English 
contingent, who, however, had nothing to say because of the re- 
markable time made in the race. 

For years Orton has busied himself with the interscholastic 
athletics of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia in particular. He has had 
great influence on the sport and can congratulate himself on the 
fact that at the present time this district has risen to the front 
in scholastic track and field athletics. 

Orton still does a lot of running to keep himself in condition, 
while he is Captain of the Belmont Cricket Club Association foot 
ball team, and keeps in shape all winter by playing this harr y 
game. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library, 




GENERAL IDEAS ON TRAINING 




No matter what special event one may be training for, whether 
it be the half-mile, cross-country, the sprints or the high jump, 
there are certain general matters that apply with equal force to all 
of these lines of endeavor. In order that we shall not be under 
the necessity of repeating these general principles of training 
when dealing with each separate event, we shall take them up 
here in this preliminary chapter. 

Very many of our schools now have coaches or gymnasium in- 
structors qualified to examine a boy as to the condition of th'? 
vital organs, especially the lungs and heart. Wherever this is 
possible, the boy should be examined prior to beginning athletic 
training. This may be doubly beneficial in that it may indicate 
what kind of sport is best fitted for the upbuilding of the body, 
and it may save the life and health of the boy by restraining him 
from entering some of the more strenuous games in which he 
might receive permanent injury. But the boy should remember 
that he must not despair merely because the examination shows 
him to be in poor condition. This is the very kind of a boy need- 
ing exercise, only it should be taken under capable supervision 
and m moderation. In this way the weak heart will become 
strengthened, or the weak lungs permanently cured. Then the 
cured youth may enter the very sports which previously had been 
too trying for him. 

BEGIN EASILY. 

The first week of training is always full of accidents, strained 

tendons and sore muscles. In almost every case these things are 

due to a desire on the part of the athlete to begin hard training at 

once. "Make haste slowly" is a very good motto for the athlete, 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 

and no matter what line of sport one may be going in for, the 
first week's training should be light and of a general character. 
If the athlete has plenty of time, no fast or hard work should be 
done for at least ten days. This will give time for the muscles to 
get into shape and it will also tone up the whole system. It is 
surely inviting disaster for a sprinter to begin sprinting the first 
day out or for a distance runner to run a mile on time on his 
initial appearance. Get into good physical shape and work grad- 
ually up to your event. 



BUILD UP THE BODY. 

Track athletes, especially schoolboys, depend too much on the 
legs for success. It is all very well to have a fine pair of legs, 
but without a good body above them they will not amount to 
much. I do not mean by a "good body" that it is necessary to 
have a Sandow show of muscles on back and abdomen. But it is 
necessary to have strength in the body, especially in the back and 
abdominal regions. Especial attention should also be paid to ex- 
ercises that will develop the heart and lungs. Club swinging, 
dumb-bell work and deep breathing exercises will develop the 
chest. Body movements (either with or without dumb-bells), 
from the erect position until the fingers touch the floor, move- 
ments from side to side, and similar exercises, will strengthen the 
back and abdominal muscles. A very good exercise for this pur- 
pose will be found by lying down, placing the hands back of the 
head and then drawing up the legs outstretched to a perpendicular 
position several times. This exercise can be varied by keeping 
the legs still and rising to a sitting posture several times. It is 
most important that the body should be very strong and wiry, 
and I lay especial emphasis on this because so many scholastic 
track athletes neglect their bodies and then wonder why they do 
not improve. Those trying for the field events will see at once 
the force of the above, for in all the field events the body is just 
as important as the legs. 




N 



Spalding's Athletic Library, II 

DO NOT SPECIALIZE TOO SOON. 
In line with the previous paragraph, I would advise the boy not 
to specialize too soon. Take part in many kinds of sport. In this 
way the eye and the mind will be trained to work in harmony 
and at once, and the right sort of courage will be developed. But 
I suggest this especially because this all round work will have the 
very effect desired above, namely, in developing the whole body. 

SPEED IS THE BASIS OF SUCCESS ON THE TRACK. 
Speed is the basis of success on the track. This reads as a self- 
evident fact, and yet how many quarter-milers do we find trying 
to run fast quarters without doing any sprinting ; or how many 
half-milers are there who keep at this distance and never do any 
quarter-mile running or even 220 yards running for speed ; and 
how few distance runners do we find paying any attention to 
speed at all. Of course, it is foolish to ask a sprinter to keep 
speeding, for that is what his event is. He is a speed merchant 
pure and simple. But to be a successful quarter-miler, the runner 
must sprint regularly, for the quarter-mile is regarded now as 
practically a sprint distance. All of oCir fastest quarter-milers are 
at least fair sprinters. But even for the longer distances, speed 
will be found a very welcome accomplishment. The mile runner 
or the five-mile runner must run under his distance at a fast pace 
now and then so that he may develop the pace necessary for suc- 
cess in his specialty. A little sprinting will be beneficial even for 
the distance man. For the field events, sprinting is also a good 
thing. It is a real necessity for the broad jumper and pole 
vaulter, while it develops snap for the weight men. Sometimes it 
has a bad effect on a high jumper, as tending to throw hiili into 
the bar. For this event, the jumper's style must determine 
whether he should sprint or not. 

FORM IS NECESSARY. 
The scholastic athlete should be especially careful to develop 
good form. The sprinter should eliminate everything that hinders 




N 



Spalding* s Athletic Library, 13 

speed. The quarter and half-miler should aim at such form as 
will combine speed with ease of motion. The distance man must 
seek that harmony of motion which is most essential to success. 
The best way to attain good form is by watching the best sprinters 
and runners and noting their styles. But as this is often impos- 
sible, we shall take up the matter of style at length, in dealing 
with each event. 

In the field events, the matter of form thrusts itself forward at 
once and it must be considered. Our greatest jumpers and weight 
throwers have gained their laurels in most cases through attention 
to form. Too much stress cannot be laid on this factor. On that 
account it is imperative that the young athlete pay attention to 
form before aiming at height or distance, for he will find that it 
is often very difficult or impossible to break himself of bad habits 
of form, after these have once become confirmed. In the field 
events especially, the scholastic athlete should remember that he 
is still a scholar in athletics and that the rudiments must be 
learned well, if future success is to be attained. 



TAKE CARE OF THE BODY. 
In the second paragraph of this chapter, we have called atten- 
tion to the necessity of building up the body. It would thus seem 
unnecessary to further emphasize this. But not only should exer- 
cises be taken to develop the body, but care should be observed 
that nothing is done that will nullify such exercise. For the 
scholastic athlete, I have no hesitation in saying emphatically 
CUT OUT TOBACCO. It can do no good and in ninety-nine 
cases out of a hundred it has a deterrent effect, both on the mind 
and body of the growing youth. If smoking must be done, wait 
until man's estate is reached. Many a promising athlete is spoiled 
through the use of tobacco, though every other natural quality 
has been present and reinforced by good training and developing 
exercises. A boy cannot do himself justice, either in class room 
or in athletics, when his brain is beclouded with nicotine. There- 
fore CUT IT OUT. 




> 



Spalding s Athletic Library. 15 

Eat plenty of good, healthy food. Do not diet too severely, for 
the growing hody needs all sorts of nourishment. P)Ul there are 
so many kinds of healthy food that is palatable, that it seems un- 
necessary for the boy to eat rich pastries and highly seasoned food. 
Good meat, vegetables, bread, butter, tapioca and rice pudding, 
an occasional piece of pie, ice cream and plenty of fruit form a 
menu good enough for anyone. 

Get plenty of sleep. This is necessary for physical development, 
especially when the body is still growing. Late hours, too much 
society, with its many excitements, shoul];| thus be relegated to 
the background as much as possible. 

Lastly, keep the body pure. Do not practice any forms of self- 
abuse. This is fatal, and I am happy to say, that instances of it 
are rare among our athletic youth, for everything in the athletic 
atmosphere tends to eradicate such pernicious habits. 

BE A SPORTSMAN. 
Finally, play fair ; run straight, and avoid all underhand and 
ungentlemanly conduct when competing in athletics or training 
for a contest. Be a sportsman in the true sense of the term. 







^ ^ 2, 



> 



Spaldinc' s Athletic Library. 



17 




Undoubtedly the sprints are the most popular of the races on 
the track as far as this country is concerned. Rarely do we find 
an American youth that at some time or other does not think 
that with training, he would be a sprint champion. It is thus 
very important that this large army of sprint aspirants should 
begin right. Every effort in sprinting should be made in the 
direction of speed. The body should be held slightly forward so 
that it will aid the runner and give him a purchase for the great 
efforts he should make to run fast. But the incline of the body 
should not be too much forward or this will have a tendency to 
make the sprinter clip his stride and thus lose distance and con- 
sequently speed. On the other hand, the head and body should 
not be held back, for this ties one up and also shortens the stride. 
The leg motion should be straight forward and the foot should 
not be flung up high behind. The knee should be flung up and 
forward and the foot should hit the ground when fully outstretched. 
It should not hang in the air, as is sometimes the case, for this of 
course takes time and reduces the speed. The knee should not be 
bent when at full stride, for then the stride is shortened and again 
speed is lost. The whole effort of the body should be straight 
ahead. The arms should work in unison with the body. If any- 
thing, the arm-and-body motion should precede the leg motion, 
thus accelerating the stride. If, as sometimes occurs, the leg 
motion precedes the arm-and-body motion, then the legs are 
helping the arms and the full benefit of the arm-and-body is lostj. 
Generally speaking, it may be said that the more nearly every 
muscle in the body works together, the better. These remarks 
on form in sprinting apply with equal force to the longer events. ' 

Sprinting is a very intense sport, and it is imperative that the 
mind should be wholly bent on the work in hand. Every thought, 



Spalding' s Athletic Library, 19 

every muscle, should be bent on forward motion if the best results 
are to be obtained. 

THE START. 
The importance of the start in a 100 yard race can hardly be 
overestimated. Almost every championship race hinges on this 
factor. Dufifey repeatedly won races through his wonderful 
starting. His quickness away from the mark and the marvellous 
celerity with which he got into his running, often gave him 
such a lead at forty yards, that though his rivals closed the 
gap in the final stages of the race, they were not able to 
make up the handicap due to their poorer starting. The final of 
the Intercollegiate championship 100 yards in 1904 was won at 
the start. Schick, of Harvard, got away well and at sixty yards 
he was two yards ahead of Cartmell, of Pennsylvania. The latter 
finished with a grand burst of speed and was beaten only two 
feet. His inferior start had cost him the championship. It is 
thus necessary that starting should be practised assiduously. The 
universal start now is the " college start." The sprinter digs his 
holes, so that when he gets on his mark he can place his hands on 
the scratch and can settle himself firmly into a crouching position. 
The most of the weight of the body should be on the rear leg, but 
this varies. The athlete, by practice and observation, should make 
sure in his mind in just what position he is best ready for the start. 
He should be able to hold himself steadily in this position, so that 
he can spring forward just at the moment he hears the pistol 1 
Most athletes dig the hole for the forward foot on a line with the 
scratch. Others find that this will bring the body into too 
cramped a position and their first hole is dug a little back of the 
start. The holes for the start should be dug so that the legs can 
move straight forward; or, in other words, the holes should not 
be directly behind each other or too far apart, across the track. 
The distance between the holes will vary with the contestant. 
He should experiment until he feels that he has just the right 
distance for getting set steadily and getting away quickly. The 
illustrations give a good idea of the form that is most in vogue. 




2 2 ei 

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FIG. 
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Spalding' s Athletic Library, 21 

TRAINING. 

The sprinter must be just as careful in his training as the mile 
runner. After making sure that he is in good preHminary condi- 
tion, the sprinter should begin to let himself out. For the first 
ten days, however, he should not make his greatest efifort. After 
that he can get down to some system. He should practice starts 
every day. Several ten yard dashes at full speed should be taken. 
Not only should the sprinter try to get away quickly from his 
mark, but his every endeavor must be set towards getting into 
his running at once. To do this a very great deal of bodily exer- 
tion must be made. Ten yards away from the mark the athlete 
should be running at top speed. This means that every muscle 
in the body must be working harmoniously and smoothly. Three 
or four times a day the athlete should sprint thirty-five or forty 
yards and sometimes even sixty yards at top speed. Once a week 
he should go through the full distance at racing speed. 

The sprinter must study his own abilities. It often happens 
that the sprinter has much natural speed but cannot quite last the 
full 100 yards at top speed. This is generally the case with the 
small sprinter. In such a case the sprinter should take enough 
short work to retain his speed, but he should also take longer 
spins in an endeavor to develop the stamina necessary for retain- 
ing his best speed right to the tape. A useful exercise for such a 
sprinter will be found in occasionally starting at racing speed and 
continuing for thirty-five yards, then easing down a little until 
the seventy-five yards mark is reached, and then finishing out the 
100 in a final burst. 

Many sprinters have no difficulty in lasting. Their defect is in 
not having the speed. Such sprinters should do a great deal of 
thirty-five yards' practising. 

In general, it is found that the small sprinter is very fast away 
from the mark, but slow at the finish, while the tall strong ath- 
lete is fast at the finish but slow for the first thirty yards. The 
latter must pay the greatest attention to his start and getting into 
motion rapidly, while the former must lengthen out his spins to 
give him the necessary finish. DufTey is the best example of an 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 1. 
The distance up the pole that one should grasp is generally meas- 
used with the eye. The athlete shown in photo is doing this. 
'I'he vaulter places his pole upright next to the bar and keeping 
his eye on where he thinks he ought to grasp the pole, he lets 
the pole fall bai'k and grasps it at the desired point. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library: 23 

athlete that has studied his own abiHties and perfected his short- 
comings. From Duffey's first public appearances it was seen that 
he was very fast away from the mark and very speedy for the first 
forty yards, but that he perceptibly slackened his speed the last 
twenty yards. DufYey knew this as well as anyone, and he set 
about the task of gaining the strength for the finish. He care- 
fully trained himself with this end in view and in his memorable 
record-breaking race in New York not only did he go the first 
forty yards in his accustomed speedy way, but he continued and 
finished the last twenty yards with a burst of speed that would 
have done credit t6 -^Wefers or Crum. The result was the new 
record, 9 3-5 seconds. 




^mm^^ 




■^*«%^ 



Thp ilhist-nitu 
wluTi starting the run. 



THP: P()L1> 

slK.WS a 



VAULT, 
inioii 



I'.v ciimnion way o 



FRJ. 
way 



holding the pole 
Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 



25 




The furlong is also regarded a sprint distance, and most sprint- 
ers run this in addition to the 100 yards. The same training as 
for the 100 yards is necessary, for our best 220 yard runners go 
this distance at very high speed. For this event, the 100 yard 
man should jog through 150 yards or the full 220 yards about twice 
a week, and go through once a week at racing speed. In running 
the 220 yards the sprinter should go out the first thirty-five yards 
as in the 100. He should then settle into his stride and run just 
a trifle within himself up to 150 yards. From there to the finish 
he should put forth every effort. If the sprinter tries to run the 
first 100 yards at his highest speed, he will find that he will peter 
out before the 220 yards is reached., Those who lack the stamina 
for this distance should jog 300 yards or even a quarter-mile 
occasionally. 

TRAINING SCHEDULE. 
Training should, of course, always be individual, but as this 
book is for many who have no coaches, the following training 
schedule may be found beneficial. 

100 Yards: 
Monday. A few starts. Two 35 yard dashes at full speed, and a 

swing through the 100 yards. 
Tuesday. Starts as usual. Two 25 yard dashes. A 60 yard dash. 
Wednesday. Starts. Three 35 yard dashes. 120 yards, running at 

full speed the first and last 40 yards, and swinging along the 

intermediate distance. 
Thursday. Starts. 60 yard dash. Two 35 yard dashes. 
Friday. Starts. Two 35 yard dashes, and a jog through the 100. 
Saturday. Race day. If the sprinter has a race on, that is sufB- 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 3. 

This is anothci- popular waj*-of holdiiiij the pole when taki'.'tr the 
run preliminary to the vaujt. Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding" s Athletic Library, 27 

cieiit. If not, after limbering up well, let him run through the 
100 yards at top speed. 

220 Yards; 

In addition to the schedule for the 100 yards, the sprinter should 
jog through the 220 yards a couple of times during the week, and 
once a week run out the full distance, or 150 yards at top speed. 

The sprmter should always limber up before getting on his mark, 
for starting-practice or for a race. 

The sprinter should, in addition to the above, take exercises for 
his body and arms, as noted in the preliminary chapter. 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 4 
hf <-ffnrt that vault 



-411 >n.inri iS making, both '^vith arms and legs, 

to get a good jump from the ground. Note, also, how well and 

" 1 I)lanted his pole. Photo by Pearce, 



Note 
to .. „ . , 

accurately lie h 



Spaldi7tg's Athletic Library. 



29 




The 440 yards and the 880 yards are called the middle distances, 
because they both combine both speed and stay. Speed is absolutely 
required in the quarter, while the long distance quality of stay is 
absolutely necessary in the half. 

THE 440 YARDS. 

The 440 yards is a favorite distance in America. No other 
country in the world can produce such an array of quarter-milers. 
as is seen annually at the relay races of the University of Penn- 
sylvania. This is because Americans have plenty of natural speed 
and with this they have a fair amount of stamina and an ability to 
acquire good form, a very important quality in the successful 
quarter-miler. 

The quarter can almost be regarded as a sprint distance, for it 
is run at a high rate of speed. This quality is the most necessary 
for this distance. Our best quarter-milers all practice sprinting 
assiduously. They must be fast to carry the pace necessary. 
Burke and Long, two of the greatest quarter-milers this country 
has ever produced, have both done 12 seconds for the 120 yards 
and even time for the 220 yards. Taylor, of Pennsylvania, an 
intercollegiate quarter mile champion, has beaten 22 seconds for 
the 220 yards. Thus, great attention must be paid to sprinting, so 
that the runner can stand the fast pace he will meet in the first 
300 yards of the race. 

Here again the athlete must study his peculiarities. If he finds 
the quarter too long for him, he should then take occasional jogs 
for half a mile or smart runs at 500 and 600 yards. But he should 
not neglect his sprinting in any case. If, on the other hand, the 
athlete has plenty of stay but lacks speed, then he should pay 
especial attention to cprinting. He should run 220 yards at full 




THE POLE VAllET. FIG. 5. 

Note the good jump he has made from the groimd, and that he 

is swinging up his legs. Photo by Pearce, 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 31 

speed occasionally. He should also go along for 300 yards or 350 
yards at a fast quarter mile pace. This will give him practice in 
the fast pace necessary and his stay will keep him going the rest 
of the way. 

Form is very important In the quarter. The pace is so fast in 
this race that an easy action is almost a necessity. Maxey 
Long, the present holder of the world's record of 47 seconds, was 
perfection for the quarter. His style combined length of stride 
with ease of action, and he was thus able to keep up a very fast 
pace for the full distance. The quarter-miler should have a long 
swinging easy gait. 

The sprinting start is generally used in the quarter. The first 
forty or fifty yards of the quarter is generally run at sprinting 
speed, but then the runner should settle down to a long, easy, fast 
swing. This will carry him to the stretch and then he must 
come home as best he can, remembering that a conscious effort 
to retain form and keep the stride out will help toward a fast 
finish. It is very important that the quarter-miler should have 
good arm-and-body action, as the length of this race and the high 
speed require that the whole body should work harmoniously and 
smoothly. Speed, stay, length of stride and smoothness of action 
are then the requirements for the quarter. 

The quarter is such a hard distance to run that it is at once 
apparent that the full distance should be covered but rarely at 
racing speed. In addition to training for speed, the athlete 
should run through the 220 yards once or twice a week. He 
should go along for 350 yards at his best quarter-mile pace occa- 
sionally. This will give him practice at the pace without dis- 
tressing him. He should, rather frequently, run through the 
quarter at three-quarter speed, jogging it through as it is called. 
If, as noted above, he finds the distance too long, jogs at 500, 600, 
and even 880 yards will be useful. 

SCHEDULE FOR TRAINING. 
Monday. Starts and short sprints. 300 yards at quarter-mile 
racing speed. 




^HE POLE VAULT. FIG. 6. 
Note how the legs are being thrown into the air and that the 



Spalding* s Athletic Library, 33 

Tuesday. Starts and short sprints. 220 yards at a fast gait. 
After a rest, an easy quarter. 

Wedfiesday . Starts and short sprints. 500 yards, the first 250 
yards at a good racing clip and the last 250 easily. 

Thursday. Starts and short sprints. 100 yards fast. After a 
rest, 440 yards at a fair jog, finishing the last 60 yards fast. 

Friday. Starts and short sprints. 250 yards at racing speed, 
finishing the quarter at a jog. 

Saturday, Race day, 440 yards on time. 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 7. 
Note that this illustration shows the legs a little further up In 
the air than Fig. 6. The body is also a little further turned. 
Note, also, the good pull-up that he is getting. 



Spalding^ s Athletic Library. 



35 




The half-mile is another event in which Americans make a 
most enviable showing. This race is based on stamina but it is 
yet in the domain of the middle distances, and this means that the 
speed factor is very important. The quarter-mile lies just out- 
side the boundary between the sprints and the middle distances. 
The half-mile is just inside the distance limits. In other words, 
stay is more important than speed for the half. Here again the 
long, easy strider has the advantage, although many good half- 
milers have been short men and short striders. The half-miler 
must, however, have considerable speed for the nrst quarter of 
the half is run fast. When C. J. Kilpatrick ran his world's 
record half-mile In i minute 532-5 seconds he covered the first 
440 yards in 532-5 seconds. A corresponding pace may be ex- 
pected in running this distance. For instance, if a boy were 
to run a half-mile in 2 minutes 5 seconds, he should do the first 
quarter in 59 seconds. If he were running the half in 2 minutes 
10 seconds, the first quarter should be covered in i minute 2 
seconds. It will be found that in all distances, from the quarter 
up, the best speed must be obtained in the first part of the race. 
The half-miler must then run 440 yards and 220 yards and do 
some sprinting in order that he may develop speed, for other- 
wise he will not be able to stand the fast pace for the first 
quarter. He should also do some training at one thousand yards 
and even the three-quarter mile to develop stay. The best dis- 
tance for getting the half-mile pace is 660 yards. This can be 
run at half-mile racing speed without distressing the athlete, 
while at the same time it gives him practice in the pace he will 
have to carry in a race. 

The matter of form is always important. Our most successful 




iri(jr, 8_Tlu' turn is being made and the legs are being swung 

over the bar. 
FIG. 9— This picture illustrates very well the push-up that finally 

gives the body its highest elevation and that gets the chest and 

arms o"t of the way of the bar. 



Spalding* s Athletic Library, yj 

half-milers have been rather tall with a long, easy stride. The 
pace is so fast that a long, easy strider will have the advantage 
over the short strider or the runner who plods along in poor 
form. But one must not despair if these requirements of form 
are lacking, for it is possible to overcome such difficulties by 
great staying qualities. Many English runners give a miserable 
exhibition of form but they have so much stay that they keep 
going and cover the groimd in fine time. Parsons of Yale, the 
intercollegiate half-mile champion of 1904, can hardly be called 
a pretty runner but he gets the most out of himself and runs 
very fast for this distance. But all young runners should strive 
for easy action and a long stride if .they are candidates for the 
half-mile. The young runner must not be too' anxious to lengthen 
out his stride, for then he will overstride, and this, being ex- 
hausting, is worse than understriding. 

Here again the athlete must study his own shortcomings. If 
he has stay without speed then he should devote much time to 
sprinting and 440-yard running. If, on the other hand, he has the 
speed but lacks staying qualities, then he must run over the half, 
running one thousand yards, three-quarter miles and even miles 
occasionally. 



WEEKLY SCHEDULE FOR TRAINING. 

Monday. Two or three short sprints. 880 yards, the last 220 
yards at good speed. If not tired, jog a quarter. 

Tuesday. 660 yards at half-mile racing speed, finishing out 
the half in easy fashion. After a rest, jog a quarter. 

Wednesday. Two or three short sprints. 1,000 yards, running 
the first quarter at half-mile racing speed and striding out the 
rest of the distance. 

Thursday. 300 . yards fast, paying especial attention to the 
stride. After a rest, an easy half-mile. 

Friday. Two or three short sprints. 600 yards at half-mile 
racing speed. 

Saturday, Race day. Half-mile on time. 




-mm: 



r<., ..«^.''^<c'..~fl^HI^HI -•■'- 



THE POLE VAU1.T. FIG. 10. 

This photo is taken on the far side of the bar. It also illustrates 

the push-up as in the previous picture. It is a very good lllus- 

tratioft of the way in which the legs ought to be thrown into the 

^^^' Photo by Ruggles. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



3C 




The mile is generally regarded as the blue ribbon distance 
event. In America the one hundred yards is looked on as the 
most important track event. In England the mile champion is 
regarded as the greatest track athlete of the year. The mile is 
a real distance race and on this account the runner must make 
certain that he has the stamina necessary for the distance. An 
acquaintance with all the American champions from the time of 
Day, Carter and Conneff to the present day, and a knowledge of 
their methods and development, teaches that the best way to 
develop stay is to run and to keep on running. All our best 
distance men have done a lot of running. Either through liking 
or otherwise they saw that the only way to success was along 
the path o.f work. Conneff would do more running in a week 
of his training than many of our would-be champions do in a 
month. It is remarkable how strong and wiry an athlete may 
become through distance running. Distance runners are able to 
run miles without fatigue. The scholastic athlete must not, 
however, take the above remarks too seriously and do too much 
work. But he should try to develop a love for running and 
always be ready to have a spin. 

The young athlete as a matter of development should see that 
he covers the distance. This is the basis of success. After he 
has acauired the ability to run through the mile he should be- 
gin to think about pace. To be a success on the track not only 
must the miler be able to carry a good pace, but he must have 
such a knowledge of pace that he will not run too fast or too 
slow. The young runner can get a knowledge of pace by having 
himself timed and by watching in what time he does each quar- 
ter. Gradually his sense of space will tell him at what speed 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 11. 
This photo illustrates the way in whic-h the legs are thrown down 
and the arms back over the bar from the position in Figs. 9 and 
10. Note also that the pole has been flung back. Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 41 

he is running and he will thus be able to run the mile showing 
headwork. Many and many a mile race has been won by head 
work. 

Though the prime requisite for a miler is that he shall have 
the necessary stay, it is also obligatory that he have a certain 
amount of speed. The great fault to be noted in the training 
of most milers is that they pay no attention at all to speed. 
Very seldom will you find a miler doing any sprinting or quarter- 
mile running or even half-mile work,. But day after day he is 
to be found plodding around at the mile distance. The con- 
sequence is that his pace does not increase and his speed is at a 
standstill. The more speed a miler has the better. We have 
stated in dealing with the quarter-mile that the athlete must 
make sure that he has speed and after that stay. With the miler 
the reverse is the truth. He must haiJ-e stay and in his training 
for speed he should not neglect this very important matter. But 
he must have some speed. He should do some sprinting. This 
will liven up his gait and help to lengthen out his stride. He 
should do quite a little quarter-mile work, while some speedy 
half-mile work will also help him. It is very useful exercise 
for a miler to run quarter-miles, using the same style as in the 
mile, only at a faster pace. It is also beneficial for him to run 
half-miles at fast mile pace, say about three or four seconds 
faster than the time in which he would cover the first half-mile 
of his mile. This practice will help his pace, for the good miler 
must develop quite a speedy pace. 

We have remarked already on the necessity of having a good 
body. This is absolutely necessary for the mile runner. He 
must have great heart and lung development and be strong 
across the back and in the abdominal region. Exercises for the 
body should thus be regular. 

The miler should have an easy gait. He cannot carry a long 
stride but he should endeavor to get as much distance in his 
stride as is possible without exertion. The arms and body 
should work in harmony with the legs. In fact, one of the most 
important things the miler has to learn is harmony of action. 




THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 12; 

This illustration shows the great efforts necessary to recover 
eumljbrinm. Some attention should be paid to this point, as It 
will avoid, perhaps, an injury when in an important competition. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 43 

Heart, lungs, arms, body and legs should work rythmically and 
together if the best results are to be obtained. It is perhaps 
asking too much of the scholastic athlete to get to this perfec- 
tion, but he can at least strive toward it. 

Many inquiries have been made as to the best way to run the 
mile. This must, of course, depend on the individual. On gen- 
eral principles, however, the first half-mile of the race should 
be run considerably faster than the last half, as it is always easier 
to get up speed when fresh. Some runners with little speed 
back of them run the mile at a decreasing rate of speed all the 
way. They run the first quarter fast, the second a little more 
slowly, the third still more slowly, and the last even more slowly. 
But most of jur nodern milers, having learned the value of speed, 
run on the following plan : The first quarter is fast, the half- 
mile is reached in fast time also. Then, during the third quarter, 
the athlete slows somewhat and then runs the last quarter as 
fast as possible. It is possible to run the last quarter fast, even 
though one may be "dead" at the three-quarters if one can learn 
to change one's gait. The quarter-miler runs further up on the 
toes than the miler and the hip muscles are brought into play 
much more. If the athlete then at the three-quarter pole can get 
up on his toes, get his hips working and run like a quarter-miler 
he will be using new muscles and will probably run the last 
quarter fast. This is the principle, but it is very difficult to 
put into practice, though many of our best men have mastered 
the trick. The ability to make this change of gait depends 
greatly on the strength of the body. The young miler can think 
over this factor in finishing the mile and he can try to do it. 
He may not succeed, but he will probably be laying the basis for 
success in his later work on the track. 

To give a better idea of what pace should be run, we offer 
the following: If the boy wants to run the mile in 5 minutes 
30 seconds, he should run the first quarter in i minute 15 sec- 
onds, the half in 2 minutes 40 seconds, the three-quarters in 4 
minutes 10 seconds. If a five-minute mile is to be run his frac- 
tional time should be: quarter, i minute 10 seconds; half, 2 




THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. 1. 
Beginning his run. It will be noted that in this event the athlete 
takes a much longer run than is used in the high jump. 

Photo by Pearee. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 45 

minutes 25 seconds ; three-quarters, 3 minutes 45 seconds. If a 
4:4a-mile is to be run, the fractional time should be: Quarter, 
I minute 6 seconds ; half, 2 minutes 16 seconds ; three-quarters 
3 minutes 30 seconds. 

TRAINING SCHEDULE. 

Monday. Mile, going the first 440 yards at mile racing speed 
and then pacing through the rest. A short sprint or two. If 
not tired, jog a half. 

Tuesday. 880 yards at a fast gait, finishing the mile at a jog. 

Wednesday. Two or three short sprints. A fairly fast 440 
yards. After a rest, jog a mile. 

Thursday, i]^ miles, running the first half at mile racing 
speed and then jogging the rest of the way. 

Friday. Two or three short sprints. 660 yards at half-mile 
racing speed. If not tired, jog three-quarter miles. 

Saturday. Race day. Mile on time. 




THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. 2. 
Hitting the take-ofif. The illustration shows that jumper has hit 
the take-off perfectly. Note the effort he is making with arms, 
body and right leg to get elevation. 



Spalding's Athletic Library * 



47 




The two-mile run is generally regarded as supplementary to 
the mile, that is, it is run after the mile and by those who have 
already competed at the shorter distance. In this case the miler 
should train as for the mile, merely jogging further than he 
would otherwise do, and running a mile and a half and two miles 
on time occasionally. He should run the distance often enough 
so that he can judge what pace he ought to take. 

The remarks on the mile in reference to pace, to harmony of 
action and to developm-ent of bodily strength apply here with 
equal force. 

It often happens that a runner who has not sufficient speed for 
the mile will take up the two mile, hoping by his ability to go 
all the way that he will be close up at the finish. The very fact 
that this athlete cannot run the mile fast enough for that race 
shows that speed is lacking. This athlete should try to develop 
speed by running less than the two miles. He should run three- 
quarter miles and the mile at a fast gait frequently, and he 
should also do a little sprinting. In this way he will improve his 
pace and be able to stand the fast pace the miler will put up for 
the first mile of the two miles. The two-mile runner should not 
shrink from covering 2% or 3 miles occasionally. Both the mile 
and two-mile runner will benefit greatly by running cross-country 
during the cross-country season. 

As usual, the first part of this race should be faster than the 
second. In running two miles in 11 minutes the runner should 
cover the first half in 2 minutes 30 seconds, the mile in 5 minutes 
20 seconds, the mile and a half in 8 minutes 10 seconds. If a 
10:30 two-mile is to be run, the half should be in 2 minutes 25 
seconds, the mile in 5 minutes 8 seconds, the mile and a half in 
7 minutes 55 seconds. 




THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. C 
Ih the air. This picture illustrates very well 
is necessary in the broad jump. 



the elevation that 
Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 49 

TRAINING SCHEDULE. 

Those taking this race as an extra to the mile should take 
the work prescribed for the mile, but lengthen out the jogs and 
get in an occasional iV-i or 2 miles. 

For those specializing on the two miles, the following schedule 
is submitted : 

Monday. 200-yard run at a fast pace, but not at full speed. 
A mile and a half, running the first mile at a good pace and jog- 
ging the rest of the way. 

Tuesday. Two miles at a steady, strong pace, finishing the 
last quarter fast. If not tired, after a rest, jog a half at a fair 
pace. 

Wednesday. One mile at a good two-mile pace. If not tired, 
two or three short sprints. 

Thursday. One and one-half miles at a fast two-mile pace. 

Friday. A speedy half mile, but not fast enough to distress 
you. 

Saturday. Race day. Two miles on time.] 





THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. 4, 
The picture gives a front view of the broad jumper. Note, beside 
the elevation, the way in which he is throwing the body 
forward. Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 



51 




Cross-country running is beginning to be a recognized sport 
throughout our schools. In England, it is a favorite sport of the 
boys in a school to have "Hare and Hounds," "Paper Chases," 
and regular cross-country runs. As this sport is continued by 
all the clubs and colleges, the consequence is that the English dis- 
tance runners are the very best in the world. A sign of improve- 
ment in American distance running is found in the growing 
popularity of cross-country running. 

It is hard sport, as far as races are concerned, and on this 
account the coaches and captains of our school teams should 
make it as interesting as possible, and not drive the boys too 
hard. This sport is one most suited to boys and most beneficial 
for them, as it makes them wiry, and develops both their heart 
and lungs. But it should not be overdone. 

The boy should not run too far. Four miles is about the limit 
for the average school boy, while a mile less is better in most 
cases. Real cross-country work should be taken if possible. 
This is better than running along roads, as the good air of the 
open country is in Itself a tonic for anybody. 

Carrying out the idea of not making the runs too hard for the 
boys, the pack should be divided into a fast and slow pack or 
some other means taken so that the fast runners of the team 
will not distress the slower boys by making too fast a pace. If 
the pack is small the slow runners should make the pace for half 
the distance and then the fast runners should be allowed to race 
home. Or the fast runners can be held at the start and give the 
slower runners a handicap. It is always an advantage, of course, 
to have some fast runners in the pack, for if they are handled 
with good judgment they can be made a means of developing 
the slower runners without hurtine: either the fast or slow boys. 




THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. 5. 
Note the good elevation this jumper has. Note the efforts he is 
making to throw himself forward, but note also that he is not 
making so good use of hi^ body and arms as is shown in Fig. 4. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 53 

In training for cross-country races, the first thing to be assured 
of is that the boys can run the distance. This can be secured in 
about two weeks' training. From then on the endeavor should 
be to increase the pace. This can be done by gradually increasing 
the speed and also by having the boys occasionally running three- 
quarters of the distance at a fast pace. For the slow boys this is 
a very useful exercise, for they must develop pace if they are to 
be of any use to the team. 

The greatest care of the stomach and abdominal muscles must 
be taken. Here is where most boys are weak. Special exercises 
should be taken for the abdominal muscles, while extra care of 
the diet must also be observed. The most common ailment 
among scholastic cross-country runners is a sort of stitch in the 
side. This is generally a muscle strain, caused by over-exertion, 
and can be remedied by body exercises and careful, easy training. 

The cross-country runner's style should be as perfect as the 
distance man on the track. He must have that harmony of action 
which lies at the basis of all success in distance running. In one 
particular his style should diflfer from the track runner's. He 
should run more freely. On the track, no obstacles are to be 
met with. The athlete can be assured of a smooth course. In 
cross-country work, however, the athlete runs over all sorts of 
inequalities of ground. He frequently steps into holes in the 
grass, or the ground beneath his feet gives way. If he were 
to run as stiffly or rather with the muscles at the same tension 
as he does on the track he would run great risk of straining 
his ankle or other leg muscles. The cross-country man should 
therefore run rather loosely, so that when he meets an obstruc- 
tion he can swing over it, or if he steps into a hole his muscles 
will then tighten up and not be strained. 

No training schedule can be given for this event, as the dis- 
tances run are so various. The athlete should cover his dis- 
tance nearly every day and occasionally run over the distance. 
He should also take occasional runs at a fast pace over half or 
three-quartfTs of the distance. In running the race, the first 




THE BROAD JUMP. FIG. G. 

Landing. Note that jumper has thrown his legs well out in front 

and that his speed, together with the forward lunge of his body, 

will keep Mm from falling backward and spoiling the distancf 

covered. Photo by Pearee, 



Spalding's Athletic Library^ 55 

part should be run fast and then the runner should settle down to 
his best pace and plug through to the finish. 

Concluding, it should be stated again that the scholastic athlete 
should look on cross-country running more as a matter of devel- 
opment than of competition. He should get all the sport possible 
out of it and not lay too much stress on racing. 



Ai 






^^' 



THE SHOT PUT. FIG. 1. 
This is the first position at the rear of the circle. He is bending 
back, so that his arm will have all the longer swing when it is 
brought around, and also because he can get a better start froro 
this position- Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



57 




The high hurdle race is essentially a sprint distance. All the 
best hurdlers have been fast sprinters. Kraenzlein was feared 
just as much as a sprinter as he was as a hurdler. Many will 
remember the lOO-yard Intercollegiate championship that this won- 
derful athlete won in igoo when he defeated all the best sprinters 
in the American colleges and immediately afterward won the 
high hurdle race in impressive fashion. Kraenzlein, when in 
Paris the same year, competing in the Olympic Championships, 
defeated all the best sprinters of the world in a 6o-yard race. 
Stephen Chase, who held the world's record previous to Kraenz- 
lein, surprised all his mates one year at the fall games of the 
New York A. C. by running through the 120 yards in 12 seconds. 
To cover 120 yards and clear ten hurdles under 16 seconds de- 
mands the greatest agility, attention to form and ability to run 
fast on the flat. Thus all high hurdlers should make sprinting 
a very important part of their training. They should sprint regu- 
larly, for otherwise they will not attain their highest speed over 
the sticks. The hurdler should practice starting just as assidu- 
ously as the sprinter, for it is just as important to him. In fact, 
most hurdlers are very good starters, for the jumping over the 
hurdles strengthens the very muscles brought into play in start- 
ing. But they should keep at it and learn to make the most of 
this important part of their race. 

But although the hurdler must be a fast sprinter, to make a 
successful hurdler, he must, of course, have good form over the 
sticks or he will not be able to bring his speed into play and he 
will thus perform disappointmgly. The young hurdler should 
pay the closest attention to form, and while he is a scholastic 
athlete he should perfect this part of his training, knowing also 




THE SHOT PUT. FIG. 2. 
Beginning the glide across the circle. Note that athlete is not 
jumping into the air, but is evidently going low in his course 
across the circle. Note also the snug way in which he is hold- 
ing the shot. Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 59 

that by neglecting this very important matter, he may be getting 
into such bad habits of form that he will find it impossible to 
break away from them when he enters college or club competition. 

The hurdling style has undergone considerable improvement 
since the days of Cady, Hatch, Puffer and Chase, and it has been 
due mainly to the ideas introduced by Kraenzlein, the great 
world's champion and record holder. Kraenzlein did away with 
the pretty glide over the hurdle and introduced a style which 
aimed at speed over the hurdle. His aim was to get over the 
hurdle as quickly as possible. This was the main characteristic 
of his style and that it is the right idea is shown by the fact that 
although before his time a 16-second hurdler was recognized as 
in line for championship honors, now we have numbers of men 
who can do that, and the college championship is generally won 
at 15 3-5 seconds or at most 15 4-5 seconds. 

The general form over the hurdles will be shown to good 
advantage in the hurdling illustrations. The hurdler should 
go over the hurdles with body or breast directed straight for the 
tape. Otherwise the athlete will light on the side of his foot and 
thus not be able at once to get into his running between tl|e 
hurdles. The forward leg should be thrown over the hurdle 
and at the same time the body should be thrown forward. The 
aim of the athlete should be to get his forward foot to the 
ground as soon as possible and the body will be of the greatest 
benefit in aiding the hurdler to get down to earth quickly. In 
other words, the hurdler should not hang in the air, but the 
leg should be thrown smartly over the hurdle. The athlete 
should not try to get distance on the other side. It will be found, 
however, that the hurdler does get almost as much distance on 
the other side as in the old glide style, due to the force with 
which the body is thrown forward. The rear leg should be 
brought up quickly, the idea being to have this leg in its accus- 
tomed position for sprinting when the forward leg touches the 
earth. In other words, when the athlete reaches the ground his 
two legs should be in the same relative position as they would 
be if no hurdle had been jumped. The tendency, of course, is to 




THE*^HOT PUT. FIG. 3 
The athlete is moving across the circle. He is getting a little 
too high ■ in the air. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 6i 

drag the rear leg, for it requires no little exertion, both of leg 
and body and arms, to get the rear leg up fast enough so that it 
will be in its natural position for striding out just as soon as 
the ground is reached on the other side of the hurdle. Three 
strides should be taken between the hurdles. It is unnecessary 
to state the hurdle should be cleared as closely as possible. Some 
hurdlers wear a shin and ankle pad in practice, so that they can 
graze each hurdle. 

The hurdler should practice until he gets the exact distance 
between the hurdles in his stride so that he will always take 
off at the same distance from the hurdle. Otherwise, at each 
hurdle the athlete will be either a little further away or a little 
nearer the hurdle and before the last hurdle is reached he will 
be out of his stride, and this always means a great decrease in 
speed. The hurdler should also practice from the start, so that 
he will be absolutely sure of getting to the first hurdle in good 
style. He should practice this until he will always take off 
from the first hurdle at the same distance, and he should also 
take off from the other hurdles at that distance. 

The scholastic athlete often finds that it is very difficult to get 
the form for the hurdles because of his short stride or lack 
of strength. He should not despair, but should keep on trying 
to develop good form, for his practice will tell in the long run, 
and when he gets old enough he will be able to run all the 
way through without weakening. 

From the illustrations and from the above description of the 
form in the hurdles it is seen that the body is a very important 
item in the make-up of a good hurdler. It is the pivot on which 
the leg motion turns, or better, it is the fulcrum used in throw- 
ing the legs quickly and smoothly over the hurdle. The body and 
arms must be strong. The back and abdominal muscles are 
greatly in evidence, as it is by throwing the body forward that the 
forward leg is forced to descend quickly and the glide through 
the air is thus avoided. Of course hurdling itself will strengthen 
the above muscles, but the young athlete should not depend on 
this, but should also take exercises to strengthen his body. 









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THE SHOT PUT. FIG. 4. 

Half through the "reverse." Note the great efforts he is making, 

as shown by his face and the general tenseness of his muscles. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding s Athletic Library, 63 

In training for the event the athlete should practically take the 
work specified for the sprinter, cutting out the trials for the 
100 and replacing this by careful practice over the hurdles them- 
selves. He must practice the start and he can do this not 
only by practicing with the sprinters, but also by setting up one 
hurdle and sprinting for it and clearing it. This event is so 
hard on the leg muscles that the athlete cannot run through the 
full distance very often. In his daily practices he should make 
several dashes over one hurdle from the start and then run over 
three or four hurdles two or three times. Once or twice a week 
he should go through the full distance. 

TRAINING SCHEDULE. 

Monday. Two short sprints. Four or five starts clearing the 
first hurdle. Two dashes over three hurdles. * An easy sprint 
for 100 yards. The hurdler should not hurry through his train- 
ing. 

Tuesday. Three short sprints. Three dashes from the start 
over two hurdles. A 50-yard dash. 

Wednesday. Three short sprints. Four dashes from the start 
over the first hurdle. An easy 220 yards. 

Thursday. Two short sprints. Two dashes from the start 
over the first hurdle. A dash over eight hurdles. 

Friday. Two short sprints. Four dashes over the first two 
hurdles. A fifty-yard dash. 

Saturday. Race day. Time trial for the full course. 




THE SHOT 

just linishecl 



PUT. FIG. 5. 

his put. He also shows 



The athletp has just linishecl his put. He also shows extreme 
offoit. Note that he has exactly reversed the position of athlete 
in Fig. 1. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



65 




The 220-yard hurdle is also a sprint distance. It requires more 
stay than the 120-yard hurdle or the 220 yards on the flat. In- 
deed the 220-yard race, when run all the way through, necessi- 
tates that the athlete be in fine condition, have plenty of speed 
and practically as much stay as the quarter-miler. For some 
reason this race is considered second in importance to the 120- 
yard hurdle, just as the 220 yards is not so highly considered 
as the 100. Very many hurdlers, in fact, the great majority of 
them, go into the low hurdle race after they have already com- 
peted over the high sticks. A good high hurdler generally finds 
no difficulty in learning to run over the low hurdles. This is 
because the principle is the same. The most up-to-date form 
in this event approaches as nearly as possible to taking the hurdle 
merely as an elongated stride. This was Kraenzlein's style. He 
seemed simply to rise slightly in the air, going over the hurdle just 
as he was between strides, with the forward foot straight ahead 
and the rear foot coming up naturally for the next stride. He had 
practically no lateral movement of the leg. This is the style aimed 
at by all later hurdlers, but most low hurdlers have more or less 
lateral leg movement. Kraenzlein's style is very dangerous, as it 
requires the nicest judgment of 'distance on the part of the 
hurdler. All hurdlers aim at this style, but at first they have the 
lateral movement of the leg, that is, they swing the leg over 
curving up and inward. The young hurdler will do well to begin 
with this style, and as he progresses, aim at less lateral move- 
ment of the leg and more speed over the hurdle. The principle is, 
then, to get over the hurdle quickly and to have the legs and 
body in their natural position for sprinting when the further 
side of the hurdle is reached. The young athlete will soon get 




THE SHOT PUT. FIG. 6. 
At the finish of put. Evidently trying for elevation, as his eyes 



indicate. 



-.. „^ J...... «^ . i^^.jrtinj ll.>lllg; XUl fifVMllUIl, as Ills 

Note the leg drive that he has gotten into his put. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 67 

the forward leg over in good style, but he may have more trouble 
getting his rear leg up quickly and in the right position for the 
next stride at the moment the forward leg touches the earth. 
The low hurdler should go at the hurdles straight as in the 
high event. 

In training for this event, the athlete should not neglect 
sprinting. If he is also going in for the high hurdles, then he 
should curtail his work in that event and develop his style over 
the low sticks. He should get his stride to the first hurdle down 
to a fine point, so that he will always be able to go for it at his 
best speed. He should also work on his stride between the 
hurdles until he is sure of taking off at the same distance from 
each hurdle. Seven strides is the correct number between the 
hurdles. The young hurdler had rather take nine steps than 
eight between the hurdles, for the latter will necessitate his 
hurdling from alternate feet, which is difficult to do. By taking 
seven or nine strides he will always take off with the same 
foot. Though, because of youth and shortness of stride, it may 
be necessary for the young athlete to take nine strides between 
the hurdles, he should remember that seven is the proper num- 
ber and, as soon as possible, change to this number. The low 
hurdler should run through the full distance at least once a week. 
An occasional quarter-mile will help to develop the stay so neces- 
sary in this event. 

The emphasis placed on strength of body and arms for the high 
hurdles is just as important for this event. 

The best type of athlete for both hurdle events is the tall long- 
legged type. The short hurdler has difficulty in getting his 
strides between the hurdles. The tall hurdler must shorten up 
if anything. In the high hurdle he can make three swift cat-like 
steps and be off over the next hurdle. The fact that he must 
shorten his stride gives him more balance, and he can also 
pay all his attention to getting over the hurdle, while it is, of 
course, less exhausting than if he were qompelled to lengthen 
out his stride. The same remarks hold for the low hurdle. It is 
even more important in this race, for it is much easier for the 




THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 1. 

The high jumper should not take too long a run. The illustration 

shows jumper beginning his run for the bar. He runs not more 

than 20 yards and only the last few strides fast. Note the 

tenseness of the body. Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding^s Athletic Library, 69 

long-legged athlete to develop the best form in this event. The 
short-legged hurdler is practically physically incapable of taking 
the hurdle in his stride. He may do so, but there will always be 
a glide through the air instead of the short, snappy way in which 
the taller athlete gets over the hurdle. But though it is a dis- 
advantage to be short for these events, the short athlete should 
not despair, as he may make up in speed and agility what he lacks 
in natural advantages. Still, it looks more than a coincidence 
that Chase, Puffer, Kraenzlem, Mahoney, Bremer, Converse and 
Clapp, the fastest hurdlers of the past decade, should all have 
been tall men. 

TRAINING SCHEDULE. 

Monday. Two dashes from the mark over the first hurdle. 
Two dashes over two hurdles. 

Tuesday. Three dashes over the first hurdle. One dash over 
four hurdles. 

Wednesday. Two dashes over three hurdles. If not tired, a 
fair quarter-mile. 

Thursday. Three dashes over the first hurdle. One dash over 
six hurdles. 

Friday. . Two dashes over the first hurdle. A smart 220-yard 
dash. 

Saturday. Race day. Time trial over the full distance. 

The above schedule presumes that the athlete is taking, in 
addition, the 120-yard hurdle training. This and the above may 
prove a little too much. In that case, he should cut out a little 
from each schedule, as it is generally a good principle that the 
athlete should not exhaust himself in his training. In his trial 
spins, of course, he should do his very best. 

If the athlete is training only for the low hurdles, he should 
then increase the above schedule accordingly. 




THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 2. 
Just rising to the bar. Using a sort of "shoot" style, but It is 
practically the same as described in the chapter on the high 
jump. Note the forward leg is practically over the bar. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



71 




America has led the world in field sports for several years. 
Formerly, the English and Irish athletes were on a par with us, 
but in recent years the English have retrograded very much, 
while the Irish have made little, if any, improvement. America's 
supremacy is due, in the first place, to the attention given to form, 
and secondly, to the popularity of the field events, thus interesting 
a large number of contestants. 

Because of the varying conditions and the many peculiarities 
of field athletes, we have thought it best not give a detailed 
training schedule for the field events. We give a general idea 
and ask each athlete to study his own needs and capabilities and 
act accordingly. "Form, perfection of form," should be the 
watchword of the field athlete. 

HIGH JUMP. 

In the high jump, as in the other field events, the importance 
of style cannot be overestimated. An athlete may have every 
natural advantage in spring and agility for the high jump, but 
if he does not know the best way to jump he cannot do his best. 

The most natural style of high jump is what may be called 
the scissors jump. In this style, the athlete runs at an oblique 
angle toward the bar, throws over one leg and follows it with the 
other. This style is capable of development only to a limited degree. 

The up-to-date style is much more complicated, though it is 
only an improvement on the former way of jumping. In the 
modern style, the jumper runs straight, at the bar. When a 
short distance away he swerves slightly, and digging his heel into 
the earth, he springs upward. He throws his right leg up at the 
same time and aids this upward motion by a mighty swing up of 
his right arm and chest. These movements are calculated to 
raise the body and to get the right leg over the bar. In addition 




Note the control tliat jumper has over his body. By throwing the 
u ,^^"* "'^ ^°'^ ''^^■'^' ''i°<^ '^y f^oing the same with his left 
-honlder, he will lift his left thigh ont of the way and clear 



the bar. 



Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding* s Athletic Library. 73 

to these movements, the athlete turns as he rises, so that when 
at his highest height the right side of his body is parallel to the 
bar. Having raised his body and swung his right leg into the 
air, he brings the right leg smartly down on the further side 
of the bar and simultaneously swings the left leg up and over 
the bar. The swing up of the left leg is aided by bringing up 
the left arm smartly and throwing the body back. As the turn 
given the body will naturally continue, the jumper will alight 
facing the bar. 

The keynote to success in making the above movements at 
precisely the right time depends mainly on the body. The small 
of the back should be used as a sort of fulcrum and every move- 
ment should be under the control of the jumper. 

To give the above directions in brief one might say that after 
making the leap from the ground, the jumper flings up the right 
leg and arm over the bar. They are then swung downward while 
the left leg and arm are flung upward, and at the same time 
the body is swung backward and outward to keep it from hitting 
the bar. The one additional point to be noted, is that in rising 
to the bar the jumper should make a turn that will bring his 
right side parallel to the bar. If the jumper takes off with 
the left foot, then the motions are the same, only the left 
foot and arm begin the movement. 

The above is the style of Sweeney and Baxter, the most eco- 
nomical junipers we have ever had; that is, they covered a higher 
height with this style than can be done with any other. But many 
of our jumpers have peculiarities of style which seem best for 
their own individual selves. But they all jump on the above prin- 
ciple. This is to get the best spring into the air that is possible ; 
to help the upward motion of the body by the arms and legs, 
and lastly, to so swing those arms and legs that the highest 
height will be covered without dislodging the bar. 

Many jumpers "shoot" over the bar, going over it almost in a 
lying-down posture. W. Byrd Page, one of the greatest high 
jumpers that ever lived, and still the holder of the college record 
at 6 feet 4 inches, had a style unlike any of the modern jumpers. 
Tt was peculiarly his own, though k has many points in its favor. 




THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 4. 

Clearing the bar. Note that this athlete's style is quite dif- 
ferent from the foregoing. He is using the "shoot" style. Note 
the way he has his left leg tucked up and the left arm and 
shoulder held in. He will clear the bar by bringing down his 
right arm smartly and throwing the body away from the bar. 

Photo by Pearce. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 75 

If it were possible to get the force of his initial spring into the 
modern style, the present records would soon be shattered. Page 
jumped practically as a cat or greyhound. He seemed almost to 
jump from, all fours, though he merely got down low for his 
jump. He threw all the force of his body into the upward motion 
and drew up his knees and legs so that he shot over the bar 
like a rubber ball. He turned in the air and as his knees were 
drawn up close to his head he got very much the same effect as 
do the modern jumpers who shoot over the bar. 

The above indicates that the young jumper should not hold 
himself down slavishly to any style. Let him get the principle 
and aim at the style first noted, but if that proves unsuited, let 
him modify it to suit his own peculiar capabilities. If the young 
athlete has no coach, he should then do his best to get the style 
first described, for without older advice he will hardly be able to 
judge whether this style is suited to him or not. 

The high jumper needs plenty of spring and liveliness. If he 
trains every day he is likely to lose the snap that is so necessarj • 
for his best efforts. Five times a week is quite often enough for 
the jumper to practice. Until he gets the form, he should not 
be too anxious for height. He should put the bar at a fairly 
easy height and practice over it, trying to develop' precision and 
perfection in the various movements. The young athlete should 
be especially anxious to obtain good form, for on this will rest 
his whole future success as a jumper. 

Not only should the jumper get correct form in clearing the 
bar, but he should get his "take-off." In other words, he should 
note where he takes off for the jump and find at what distance 
from the bar he can make his best effort. He should then note 
his run towards the bar and selecting some mark, say about seven 
strides back from this take-off, he should note which foot hits 
this mark and measure it from the jumping standards. In this 
way by measuring off the distance he has discovered, and by 
making sure of placing his foot on this mark as he runs to the 
bar, the jumper can feel assured that he will take off always at 
the right distance from the bar. Another method of getting the 
take-off will be given in dealing with the broad jump. 




THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 5. 

^ eTevafion^^ Thf; ?''*' "'^'^ ^'""P"^'- ^^ "^"^^ ''"^h arms to help his 
elevation. This, however, leaves his left hip too much in evidence 

nlil':^.ZV'%^\^'''' *".*^^".^^ **^« ^^" ^rm up anS back. Thl 
S^viZvZ^^''l■^^'^^^^ indicate that the high jumper cannot 
slEMshly hold himself down to any fixed style. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



77 




Form is again one of the most important matters to be remem- 
bered in dealing with the broad jump. Without this, the jumper 
is wasting his efforts and his results are disappointing. Four 
•things are necessary to make a good broad jumper. He must be 
speedy, get his take-off with assurance, get a good rise and use 
his body to advantage while in the air. The last three qualities 
are illustrated very well in the pictures showing the broad 
jump. It seems silly to say that a stone will go further if you 
throw it fast than if you throw it slowly. On the same principle, 
the jumper's body will go further, the faster it travels through 
the air. But though speed is a very important factor in broad 
jumping, the athlete should not sacrifice the other three points to 
obtain it. The jumper must know how to govern his speed so 
that he will leave the take-off in good form. If speed is a 
desirable thing for the broad jumper, he should try to develop 
it and on this account he should take the training given in the 
chapter on the "Sprints," omitting the longer dashes and the 
trials, 

r One of the first things to be learned is to get the take-off 
properly. The take-off board for the broad jump is of wood, and 
it not only holds the spikes well, but there is a certain amount 
of spring in it that is not to be gotten from the ground back 
of the take-off. In addition, as the jump is measured from the 
side of the take-off nearest the jumping pit, the athlete who 
jumps from behind the take-off loses ground. That is, he may 
really jump from a foot back of the take-off, but this foot of 
space does not count, as the jump is measured from the take- 
off. It is thus very important that the jumper should get his 
take-off. An easy way to find out just at what distance back 




THE HIGH JUMP. I Kl, ;. 
The illustration shows how the athlete lands facing the bar. This 
is because the half turn that is made to bring the right side 
parallel with the bar is continued in the movement over the bar. 

Photo by Pearce- 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 79 

one should begin to run to hit the take-off is as follows: Start 
at the take-off with the foot from which you jump and run for 
ten strides. Place a mark there. Go back to the take-off and run 
back fifteen strides. Place another mark there. Then try a jump, 
placing the foot from which you do not jump on the fifteen-pace 
mark, and then making sure at much increased speed to also 
hit the ten-pace mark with the other foot. You should then hit 
the take-off. The probabilities are that you will not hit the 
take-off on the first attempt, for in getting the ten- and fifteen- 
pace marks you will not have run so naturally as you do when 
making for the jump. But these two marks will give you some- 
thing to go on and by shifting them either backward or forward 
you should soon get them settled so that if you hit them as you 
run past you are sure to strike the take-off. 

The jumper will find that his take-off will vary a little accord- 
ing to the condition that he is in. When he has these distances 
settled he should measure them so that on the day of a compe- 
tition he can take a tape, get his marks, and then feel confident of 
hitting the take-off. Confidence in one's ability to hit the take-off 
will help greatly in the final result. 

Having gotten his take-off, the jumper should make certain 
that he will get a good elevation ; in other words, he should 
not skim the ground, for the inevitable law of gravitation will 
come into play and he will make a short jump. He should aim at 
getting a good elevation and he should do this by jumping up and 
forward and by throwing the arms and body up and forward. 

When about to land, the jumper should throw the legs forward. 
If he does not do this he will lose distance. He should pay 
especial attention to this, as the young jumper is instinctively 
afraid of falling back. This is, of course, equal to spoiling the 
jump, but, if in the desire not to fall back, the legs are let down 
perpendicularly, much distance is lost. By throwing out the legs 
and throwing the body and arms forward several inches will be 
gained, while the speed and impetus of the jump should over- 
come the tendency to fall back, and the jumper should fall for- 
ward. 





THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 7. 
Illustrating the "shoot" style. Athlete practically throws himself 
over the bar. In Fig. 5,' we note that jumper is holding the body 
too far forward. Here we have the opposite fault of throwing the 
body too far back. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 8i 

Two other matters remain to be treated. In the first place, 
the jumper should not run at his full speed right up to the take- 
oft*. If he does he will not be able to gather himself for the 
jump, and he thus cannot get the proper elevation from the 
mark. In addition he will not give his jumping muscles a chance 
to play their part. Ten or twelve feet from the take-off the 
jumper should be at top speed. He should then bend every 
energy toward getting his take-off well and getting a good rise. 

Many jumpers take a long stride before they hit the take-off. 
This is a bad fault. The last stride previous to the take-off 
should be a short one. This will allow the jumper to gather him- 
self together, get his jumping leg well under him and to get a 
powerful leg drive. In other words, it will give his jumping 
muscles full play. 

If the jumper then runs for the take-off, hitting the places 
that he has marked, gets his highest speed about ten feet from 
the take-off, makes his last stride rather short, gets his full leg 
drive, gets good elevation, and throws himself well forward at 
the end of the jump, he will be making the most of his oppor- 
tunities. He should then jump as well as his abilities will per- 
mit him. 

The training for the broad jump is quite varied. As in the 
high jump, the actual jumping should not be practiced every day. 
This event is even harder on the muscles than the high jump. 
Four times a week is sufficient, though the athlete may, if neces- 
sary, practice his take-off on the other days of the week. But 
generally speaking, four days a week should be enough. The 
jumper should, as noted above, take the training prescribed for 
the sprinter. If so inclined, he may do a little hurdling. His 
actual jumping should consist of several tries at the take-off 
and four or five jumps, taking care each time to try for elevation 
and the other points necessary in attaining good form and best 
results in this event. 



\ 



J 



"-VJ 



-H 




THE HAMMER THROW. FIG. 1. 
Hammer thrower has just planted himself firmly and is just swine- 
*°?h -t ^'^'"'"''^ ^^^'^ *° ^^^ ''^"^*'' ^" th^t ^^^ ''an gf^t a good start 



Spalding' s Athletic Library* 



83 




Pole vaulting is a sport that has improved greatly the past 
ten years, owing mainly to the close attention paid to form. 
Ten years ago a vaulter that could clear 11 feet was counted 
as having a very rosy chance of winning any championship in 
which he might be entered. 

Pole vaulting cannot be said to be an easy event. It requires 
considerable pluck and a great deal of perseverance. The cor- 
rect form must be learned. The first thing to learn is to get the 
take-off. This is to be done in the same way as described for 
the broad jump. In this event the take-off consists of accuracy 
in planting the pole in the hole in front of the take-off board 
and in springing into the air at the best distance from the 
board. These two things can be definitely learned only by prac- 
tice and observation. When the take-off has once been ascer- 
tained, it should be measured with a tape so that the athlete will 
always be confident of placing his pole properly. This part of 
the jump should be learned so well that the vaulter will not have 
to watch his pole until it is planted, thus taking his attention 
from the next move. 

Just as the pole is firmly settled, the athlete should leap into 
the air, aiding himself by a strong pull of the arms. The legs 
should be thrown vigorously upwards so that the body will be at 
an obtuse angle to the pole, with the feet the highest part of the 
body. In this motion a half turn should be made, so that the 
front of the body faces the bar. While the legs are being thrown 
into the air, the lower hand should be slipped up the bar until 
it touches the other hand. The upper hand must not be moved, 
nor may the lower hand be placed above the upper. The throw- 
ing up of the legs will, of course, give the body an upward move- 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 85 

ment, and this should be further increased by pushing up vigor- 
ously with th? arms. This will give the body its highest possible 
elevation, while the forward impetus, caused by the run before the 
jump, and the half turn in the air that will be made through 
throwing the legs upward, will result in the legs and body being 
poised on the further side of the bar with the arms, or at times 
only the hands, in the way of the bar. To keep the arms 
from hitting the bar the legs are thrown down and the arms up 
and back, the pole being pushed away violently. The vaulter 
should then be over the bar, and he should learn to recover his 
balance before aHghting, for otherwise he will get some nasty falls. 

The important parts of the above movements are the flinging 
up of the feet and the pushing up of the arms. The vaulter 
who merely swings himself over the bar will lose from one to two 
feet in height by not flinging the legs up smartly and finishing 
up the movement by a vigorous push up of the arms. The half- 
turn should also not be forgotten. 

The run toward the bar should be speedy, but, as in the broad 
jump, the greatest speed should be reached about ten feet before 
the pole is planted. If the vaulter tries for speed up to the very 
last stride, he will not be able to use his best efforts in leaving 
the ground. 

One more matter will have to be learned by the vaulter. He 
must know the best height at which to grasp his pole when try- 
ing for various heights of the bar. This depends very much on 
the individual and no set rule can be laid down. Each vaulter 
must experiment until he knows what height suits him best. 

In training for the vault, the athlete should practice five times a 
week, though he should not attempt to do his best more than three 
times a week. On the other days he should devote his attention 
to attaining good form. The importance of being strong in the 
arms, shoulders and back can readily be seen, as this event brings 
these parts of the body directly into play. The vaulter should 
also do a little easy quarter-mile jogging to strengthen his legs, 
while he should also practice sprinting frequently. The reader 
is requested to carefully follow the illustrations for this event. 




THE HAMMER THROW. 

^l?" t~^? }^^^ picture the hammer Is going fast enough, so that 

the first turn may be made. 
FIG. 5— Illustrating the finish of the three turns. 
FIG. 6— Caught in the act. The athlete has stepped out of the 

circle and his throw will not count. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 



87 




The sliotput is an event in which mere strength and weight 
are the determining factors. In foot ball it is said that weight 
does not count for everything. This is very true, but when 
weight is backed up by knowledge of the game and speed, a 
winning combination is secured. So in the weight events, if the 
heavy man backs up his beef by good form and speed, the shot 
is bound to land a satisfactory distance away from the ring. 
So we can truthfully say that weight is the determining factor in 
this event. But the weight should be well distributed. The tall, 
beefy athlete has the advantage, providing he has the speed. In 
Beck, George R. Gray, Coe and Rose, we have examples of all 
conditions of shot putters. Beck and George R. Gray, who in his 
time was the greatest shot putter in the world, weighed about 
190 pounds. This is not very heavy, but they were both noted 
for their speed and perfect form. Coe cannot be more than 
5 feet 8 inches tall, but he weighs 240 pounds. He looks like 
a "pud," but in reality he is of gigantic strength, and for his 
weight he is wonderfully fast. He can sprint thirty-five yards 
fast enough to make many a good sprinter hustle. Rose is the 
giant pure and simple. He is 6 feet 5 inches tall and weighs 
240 pounds. He gets his distance mainly through his great 
strength and long reach. Had he the speed and perfection of 
form of Beck or Gray, he would do considerably over 50 feet. 
As Rose is but a boy in age, he is sure to develop more speed 
and better form in the future, and should thus improve on his 
present figures. All boys cannot be giants like Rose, but many 
have in them the makings of a Beck and his success was due to 
the two factors, perfection of form and speed. 

Form is thus very important. This can be acquired only by 
constant practice. The best form in putting the shot will be 



Spalding s Athletic Library. ??g 

found in the following points taken up separately. There are 
two ways of holding the shot. Some place it with the main 
weight resting on the fingers, and as they let it go they give it 
an extra flip with the fingers. This is, of course, an advantage, 
but it requires a very strong wrist and hand to do this. Many 
who use this style have not the strength required, and when the 
arm is pushed out in the final stroke, the wrist and hand give 
way, the momentum of the shot is retarded and the consequence 
is that distance is lost. On this account this manner of holding 
the shot is not recommended to the scholastic athlete. The safer 
way is to let the shot rest securely in the palm of the hand, using 
the fingers merely to balance and steady the shot. 

While learning to hold the shot, the athlete should be prac- 
ticing the "reverse." The initial position in the "reverse" is with 
the left side in front, the left arm out and up, the body bent back 
down and half around, with the right arm doubled back with the 
shot close to the shoulder. The natural motion to put the shot 
will simply reverse this position. The right arm will be pushed 
out and up, the right leg will push and step forward, while the 
left arm and leg will both be drawn back. These motions will 
be done with all possible speed and force. The most important 
points in the "reverse" are: ist, the arm should be pushed out 
straight from the shoulder; 2d, the full force of the body, and 
especially the thigh and shoulders, should be gotten into the 
movement, and, lastly, the shot should be given elevation. These 
motions should be practiced assiduously until each is carried 
out smoothly and as speedily as possible. 

The athlete is now ready to learn the full movement across 
the ring. The position at the rear side of the circle is the same 
as when beginning the "reverse." The athlete should then glide 
across the circle. In doing this the left leg should be kept in 
front and two steps made. This gliding motion is the same as 
when a person changes step to get into step with another. To 
be more explicit, the right foot is brought up to the left heel, 
which is immediately advanced one stride and these motions are 
then repeated. ^This will bring the athlete to the other side of 




THE DISCUS THROW. 
FIG. 3— Note the way in which he is getting the weight of his body 

and the strength of his arms and legs into the movement. 
FIG. 4— Note the elevation that he has given to the discus, as shown 

by the direction of his arm. 
FIG. 5— Note the effort he is making not to foul. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. gi 

the circle and in the same position as when beginning the "re- 
verse" from a stand. " 

On finishing the glide across the circle the "reverse" should 
be made. There should be no halt or stop between these two 
motions. From the rear of the circle to the very finish of the 
"reverse" there should be perfect smoothness of motion. No 
hitch, no breaks must be made, but an ever increasing accelera- 
tion of motion should be seen. In gliding across the circle the 
athlete should not jump into the air. This takes time and retards 
forward motion. Speed across the ring is a very important fac- 
tor in the final result. 

The beginner, and sometimes the athlete who has been prac- 
ticing for years, find that the the crucial point is to knit together 
the end of the glide and the "reverse." This is indeed one of 
the most difficult matters in acquiring good form in this event. 
At the end of the glide many make a stop, and this neutralizes 
much of the speed they have obtained in gliding across the circle. 
This is so important a point that the beginner should practice it 
steadily. He will make better progress by not trying at first to 
get too much speed into the glide and by aiming constantly at 
smoothness of motion from the rear of the circle to the final push. 

The athlete should also remember that the body plays a very 
important part in this event. He should get a strong leg drive, 
a powerful heave of the shoulder and in general he should use 
all the weight of his body in helping his put. One more point 
to be remembered is that the arm should be pushed out straight. 

In training for the event, the athlete may practice five times a 
week. He should always aim at perfection of form and he should 
not be discouraged if he cannot attain smoothness and speed in 
a short time. The movements for the shot read very simply, 
but in reality they are complicated, especially in welding them 
together into a continuous movement. The shot putter should do 
a little sprinting, while an occasional jog of half a mile will help 
to keep his weight down if he is inclined to be corpulent or logy. 
The weight and strength of the body is so important and self- 
evident that it is unnecessary to recommend that exercise for 
these parts be taken regularly. 



9^ 



Spalding' s Athletic Library, 




Strength, weight and speed are just as important in this event 
as in the shot. Form has been developed to a very fine point in 
hammer throwing. Only a few years ago our hammer throwers 
were content to throw with one turn. Then, James S. Mitchel 
was champion, and he threw the missile almost 150 feet, which is 
a wonderful performance at this style. He was followed by 
John Flanagan, who introduced two turns, and who immedi- 
ately put the record close to 160 feet. The next year, Flaw of 
California came East, and with three turns he showed a further 
development. Flanagan had always thrown with three turns 
in Ireland, but he had cut out one turn on coming to America, 
because of the change from a nine to a seven-foot circle. On 
Flaw's appearance, Flanagan at once turned to his old style. 
He found that he was able to stay in the circle and he has main- 
tained unquestioned supremacy since then. His present record 
is 170 feet II inches, a grand performance. 

Flanagan is not a giant, though he is a big fellow. The note- 
worthy feature of his throwing is the amazing quickness with 
which he makes his turns in the circle. His form is perfect, and 
all who desire to become hammer throwers should aim at equal 
perfection. 

In beginning the first movement, the athlete should stand at 
the rear of the circle with his back to the front of the circle and 
with legs firmly planted, but not too far apart. The athlete should 
then reach around with the hammer as far as possible, so that 
a good start may be obtained. He sliould then swing the ham- 
mer around his head, slowly at first, so that the balance of the 
body may not be disturbed. When the hammer has made three 
circles, it should be going fast enough to make the first turn of 
the body. 



Spalding^s Athletic Library. 93 

The movement in making this turn is practically the same as 
turning in the waltz. The body turns as on a pivot. The first 
turn shouid be made rather slowly and with very little advance 
across the circle. The next turn should have more speed and a 
little greater forward distance. The last turn should be made 
with all possible speed and using up all the rest of the circle. 
The movement should be finished with a mighty heave of the 
hammer, which will go from the hands over the shoulder. The 
three turns will still leave the body with the back to the front 
of the circle, but the last mighty heave, together with the mo- 
mentum of the body, will swing the athlete around so that he will 
finally be facing the direction of the throw. 

Every movement from the beginning of the first turn should 
be made smoothly and with ever increasing speed. The body in 
turning should alwaj^s be ahead of the hammer, i.e., it should 
always be pulling on the hammer. This is the reason why the 
preliminary turns of the hammer should be rather slow. If 
made fast the hammer will get going more swiftly than the body 
and the benefit of the weight and momentum of the body is lost. 

Good elevation must be given to the hammer, or it will not 
travel its full distance. 

Some hammer throwers are very poor in direction. This does 
not matter so far as the measuring of the throw is concerned, 
but this factor often adds to this event an element of danger 
which is unnecessary. In addition, the knowledge the athlete 
has that he may throv/ the hammer into the crowd bothers him 
and he cannot make his best effort. This lack of direction is 
due either to making more than a full turn or less than one on 
each turn across the circle. It can be remedied best by short- 
ening or lengthening the turn as required. If the athlete cannot 
accomplish this, he can neutralize his fault by the position which 
he takes as he stands at the further side of the circle. 

The greatest care should be taken to let the hammer go freely 
from the hands at exactly the moment when the final heave is 
given. If this is not done, the hammer will be retarded and in 
manv cases the elevation lessened. The hammer should leave 



94 Spalding' s Athletic Library, 

the hands exactly at the end of the movement, and as if shot 
off freely at a tangent. 

The young athlete will have difficulty in staying within the 
circle, but he should practice constantly with this end in view. 
He will find that by going easily and slowly at first, he will 
gradually acquire the form. This once obtained, his one idea 
should be to get speed into his turns, for, as in the broad jump, 
speed is a very important factor. It is a self-evident truth that 
the greater the speed with which the hammer leaves the hand, the 
further it will travel. So the young athlete should put all his 
efforts on form and then speed. 

In training for the hammer, the athlete should practice five 
times a week. He should always be aiming at perfection and 
smoothness of form and speed in the turns. He will find the 
above movements more complicated than they read, especially 
in making the movements continuous, without a stop or hitch, 
and with increasing speed until the hammer is sent hurtling on 
its course. A little sprinting and an occasional jog will keep 
the athlete agile and help his speed, while body exercises should 
be taken regularly and systematically. 

Many athletes compete in both the hammer and shot. A little 
consideration will show that it is impossible to get the best 
results in either event if both are practiced at the same time. In 
the hammer the work is done through pulling. In the shot^ 
the muscles push. These motions are opposed and they have a 
retarding effect on the muscles required for each event. It is 
best then for the scholastic athlete, if he must go in both these 
events, to make one of them his specialty and to take the other up 
as a side issue. Otherwise he may not prove a winner at either. 

It is of course understood that tbi hammer and shot for the 
scholastic athlete weigh 12 pounds End that a seven-foot circle 
is used. 



Spal(f/n<^'s Athletic Library, 



95 




The discus throw has been seen in this country since the 
visit of the American athletes to the Olympian games in Greece 
in 1895. I" scholastic athletics the discus has made little head- 
way in the East, but it is very frequently put on athletic pro- 
grammes throughout the West. 

There are several v/ays in which the discus is thrown. In 
Europe, where direction counts, the old style is preferable. This 
might be called the natural style. In this, the athlete stands at 
the rear of the circle or square. He leans around with arm 
outstretched and then makes a glide across the circle. This glide 
is made exactly as in the shotput. At the finish of the glide the 
"reverse" is made, just as in the shot, only the motion of the arm 
is underhand. The back of the hand is kept up and it is im- 
perative that the discus be gotten off smoothly and with good 
elevation. The athlete should be especially careful to develop 
speed across the circle and to get the discus away from the 
hand smoothly, so that it will sail off into the air. This is im- 
portant. If the discus leaves the hand clumsily it will go twist- 
ing and turning and the pressure against the air will cut off sev- 
eral feet in distance that would be made if the missile sailed 
smoothly along. 

The other ways of throwing the discus are based on the turn 
in the hammer. Some take one, others two and others three 
turns. The latter is the best if the athlete can make the turns 
smoothly and quickly. The turns are made just as in the ham- 
mer, with the small change made necessary by the fact that the 
discus is held in the hand. Here again the athlete should place 
his greatest attention on developing an ^ver-increasing speed in 
bis turns across the circle, a good elevation and a use of the 



96 Spalding's Athletic Library, 

entire weight of the body and the power of the arm, shoulders 
;and legs. In this style, direction is not assured, though of course 
the general direction is away from the front of the circle. This 
is sufficient in America, as the throw is measured from the front 
of the circle to whatever place the discus lands. 

The training for this event is the same as that prescribed 
for the shot and hammer. The athlete, as in tho-se events, should 
aim continually at perfection of form and speed. 



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Spalding Spalding "Olympic Championship" 

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Patented May 2, 1916 




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spikes Pair, $4.00 * $Jt2.00 Doz. 




Spalding Indoor Running Shoes 

No. 114. Leather uppers; rubber tap soles. 
No spikes. , . . Pair, $3.00* ^55. 0<9Z)oz. 



Spalding Juvenile Indoor Running Shoes 

No. 115. Leather, good quality, without spikes. Sizes 1 2 to 5 only Pair, $2.50 

Chamois Pushers 

No. 5. Fine Chamois skin. Should be used with running, walking, jump- 
ing and other athletic shoes, especially in long races or during all-around 
competition Pair, 35c. 

No. L. Specially prepared leather, suitable for use with all 
athletic shoes Pair, 25c. 

Use Spalding "Dri-Foot" on uppers and soles of Running 
and Jumping Shoes. It prevents deterioration of the 
leather and keeps them soft and pliable. . Can, 10c. 

The prices printed} n italics opposite items marked witfi ir u-ill be Quoted only on orders for 
one-half dozen or more at one time. Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked with * 




PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I 
ANY COMMUNICATIONS 



A.G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES ■ , 



riDR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COe 

OF THIS BOOK 



T^cM in cgectjuhf 5, /.9i 6. Jui/ecJ todumsn wilhwt na^icf For Canadian pricei see spttied Canadian Calalogue. 



^S^Ke THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK "^"f «?,?v^^ 



QUALITY 



Spalding Athletic Hammers 



No. 16BH. Spalding 
"Official Olympic" 
Brass Shell Head 
16 lb. Hammer (Pat'd 
Aug. 20, 191 2), includ- 
ing patented ball- 
bearing swivel. Sup- 
plied regularly with 
double triangle wire 
grip (Pat'd Dec. 22, 
1914). Each, $10.00 

No.l2BH. 12-lb.Brass 
Shell Head Hammer, 
otherwise same as No. 
I6BH. Each, $9.00 




No. 16IHB. I 6- lb. 
Solid Iron Head Ham- 
mer, including pat- 
ented ball-bearing 
swivel, double triangle 
wire grip. Each, $4.50 

No. 12IHB. I 2.1b. 
Solid Iron Head Ham- 
mer, otherwise same 
as No. 16IHB. 

Each, $4.00 
No. 8IH. 8.1b. Solid 
Iron Head Hammer, 
without ball - bearing 
swivel. Double tri- 
angle grip. Ea., $3.00 




No.MG 



Extra Handles for Athletic Hammers 

No. MG. Single Grip Style. Used by many prominent hammer 
throwers. Supplied separately with wire handles. Each, $2.00 
No. FH. Double Triangle Grip, complete with wire handle, furn- 
ished separately Each, 75c. 

Any regular Spalding Hammer listed above furnished with No. MG grip 
instead of double triangle style, on special order, at an extra charge of $1.25 



No. L. 



Leather Case for Athletic Hammers 

Leather Case, to hold either 12 or 16-lb. hammer. . . 



Each, $3.00 




Spalding "Official Olympic" Circles 

No. 9. 7 Foot Diameter Circle. The shot and 
weights are thrown from this size circle. Three 
sections, band iron, painted white. . Each,$ 10.00 

No. 19. 8 Foot 2 inch Diameter Circle. For throw- 
ing Discus. Three sections, band iron, painted 
white Each, $10.00 



PROMPTAnENTIONGIVEHTOl 
Ml COMMUNICATIONS l\ 
AODBESSED TO US 



A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



"Prica in effect Juljf 5,191 6» Subject to change iDithoul notice. For Canadian pricet see specjd CoDaiim Qittiogue. 



^S^^?[tute THE SPALDING 




TRADE-MARK '^"oS^^^^ 




No. 12IS. 
No. 24LS. 
No. 24IS. 
No. SIS. 
No. SIS. 
No. 26. 
No. 5. 



Spalding Athletic Shot 

No. 16BS. Spalding "Official Olympic" Brass Shell Shot. 

(Patented August 20, 1912) Each 

No. 12BS. 12-lb. Brass Shell 

No. 16IS. I6-lb. Solid Iron 

12-lb. Sohd Iron 

24-lb. Sohd Lead 

24-lb. Solid Iron 

8-lb. Solid Iron " 

5-lb. Solid Iron 

8-lb. Leather covered 

5-lb. Leather covered " 



Regulation 56-lb, Weight 




No. 2. Used and endorsed by all weight throwers. Lead. 
Packed in box, guaranteed correct in weight. 

Complete, $15.00 

Tambourine 

No. 1. Required when throwing 56-lb. weight fcr height. 

Each. $10.00 

Spalding Indoor Athletic Shot — Rubber Covered 

^^^ Patented December, 1905 

^/BS^^^ Scientifically made ; perfectly round; gives fine grip ; has proper 

^Hf^^^H^ resiliency w^hen it comes in contact with floor; w^ears longer than 
Hml^|^^H| ordinary leather covered ; lead dust vy^ill not sift out ; always full 
^^Sgl^^V weight. 

^[^^T No. P. 16-lb. Rubber covered Each, $12.00 

No.Q. 12.1b. Rubber covered " 10.00 

Spalding Indoor Shot — Leather Covered 

Method of construction prevents loss of weight even when used 
constantly. 

No. 3. 12-lb. Leather covered Each, $8.00 

No. 4. 16-lb. Leather covered " 9.00 

Spalding Athletic Implements are best — First, because we have decided that no trouble or 
expense will be spared in their manufacture. Second, because we really know how to make 
them to give best results, and Third, because we have the special skilled workman and the 
machinery ,_tools, etc., necessary in the manufacture of special implements of this descriptior. 




PROMPT ATTENTIN GIVEN TO I 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDRESSED TO .US 



A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



I FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



•Prtces in tfecljalij 5, 1916^ 5ul<ject to change wilhoul noficc.- For Canadian priae} see special Cartadian Catalogue, 



Stu?e THE SPALDING 



TRADE-MARK '^Kll^^ 



QUALITY 



The Soaldmer "Official Olympic" Discus No. 5 

Made in accordance with I. A. A. F., 
A. A. U., and Intercollegiate A. A. 

A. A. Specifications. 
This is a duplicate of the original 
sample submitted to the I. A. A. F. 
Congress at Lyons, France, June iOlh, 
1914, and which w^as so favorably 
commented upon and unanimously 
adopted for use in all future Olympic 
games. 

No. 5. Spalding "Official Olympic" 
Discuss, w^ood center. Each, $7.5C, 




Spalding Practice AU-Steel Discus 

Patented March 30th. 1915 
Same size and shape as the "Official Olympic" style, but made all of steel, which 
forbids its use as an official implement. It is recommended for practice and on 
account of all-steel construction will give maximum amount of service. 
No. 15. Spalding "Practice" Discus, all steel Each, $5.G0 

Spalding "Youths' Official" Discus 

Wood center. Official for Junior Discus Competitions. 
No. Y. Spalding "Youths' Official" Discus, wood center, .... Each, $5.00 

Spalding "Official Olympic" Javelin 



Made in exact accordance with I. A. A. F., A. A. U., and Intercollegiate A. A. A. A. 

specifications. 
No. 153. Spalding "Official Olympic" Javelin Each, $3.00 

SPECIAL NOTE— Specifications in the Official Rules covering Javelin throwing are such 
that in complying with them the Javelin is necessarily quite frail; hence, if it is not tnrown 
with the proper degree of skill it is easily broken and this through no fault of material or 
workmanship. We are unable, therefore, to guarantee Javelins against breaikage while in use. 
We guarantee only against defective material or workmanship, and in 95 cases out of a 100 
where a Javelin shaft is broken we have found it was the result of faulty manipulation or 
awkwardness on the part of the performer. 



PROMPT ATTENTiONGIVEH TO 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS^ 

ADDBESSED TO US ' 



A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



1 FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 
.SmNSIDE FRONT COVER 
OF THIS BOO! :. 



'Pti(xslaxgeclJul!fS,l9i6. &<i^ <0 cAoAg* w><^< • 



for Canadien piii 



: 9toal Canadum CilolvgiUt 




SUBSTITUTE 



BB 



GUARANTEES 
QUALITY 



No. 116 
Vaulting Standard 




We supply everything needed 
to fit out an athletic field in 
proper shape, in addition to 
everything needed by officials 
in charge. Write us about 
anything required which is 
not listed in this book. We 
are the " official outfitters " 
for all organized athletic 
bodies in the United States. 



SPALDING 

VAULTING AND JUMP 

STANDARDS 

Substantially built and measure- 
ments are clearly and correctly 
marked. 
No. 116. Graduated in half 

inches, adjustable to 13 feet. 

Complete, $18.00 
No, 106. Inch graduations, 7 feet 

high. . . Complete, $10.00 

Cross Bars 

No. 212. Officially correct. 
Hickory. . . Dozen, $6.00 

No. C. Cord, with Weight Bags 
at either end, for use on Vault- 
ing Standard. . Each, $2.00 



No. 106 
Jump Standard 






PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I 

JiNY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDRESSED TO US 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS, 

STORES IN AUL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



l^ca in effect July 5, 1916. Subject to change wit'wy:1 notice. For Canadian prices see special Canadian Catalogue. 




JMirMiimMriii 




SPALDING VAULTING POLES 



SPECIAL NOTE — It is our endeavor always to 
supply athletic equipment of the very highest 
quality, and which is at the same time made 
of the most satisfactory material and in the 
best possible manner for the purpose [ 
tended. 

We have discontinued making Spruce 
Vaulting Poles because we find our- 
selves unable to recommend their use 
owing to danger of breakage and pos- 
sibility of serious injury to user. Bam- 
boo poles w^e do recommend, having 
proven to our satisfaction that they 
are superior for vaulting to poles 
made of any wood w^e know of, 
and, furthermore, if they do 
break while in use, the danger 
of personal injury is very 
remote. 



Spalding Athletic Im- 
plements are used by 
every athlete of any 
prominence in either 
club, college or 
school compe- 
tition. 




_ Owing to differences 
in climatic conditions it 
is impossible to keep 
Bamboo Vaulting Poles 
from cracking. These cracks 
or seeison checks do not ap- 
preciably detract from the 
merits of the poles, except 
where they are continuous. 
Much of the real strength of the 
pole is in the joints. All of our tests 
would seem to prove that poles 
with season checks may be ac- 
cepted as safe and durable, except 
where the season check is wide open 
and extends through several sections 
on one side. Very frequently such splits 
or season checks can be entirely closed 
by placing the pole in a damp place for 
a day or so. 



Spalding Indoor Bamboo Vaulting Poles 

Tape wound at short intervals. Thoroughly 
tested before leaving our factory. Fitted 
with special spike. 



lOBV. 10 ft. Ea. 
12BV. 12 ft. " 



$4.50 
5.50 



14BV. 14 ft. Ea..$6.50 
16BV. 16 ft. " 7.00 



Spalding Outdoor Bamboo Vaulting Poles 

Tape wound at short intervals. Thoroughly tested 
before leaving factory. Rounded end wound with cop- 
per wire and soldered. 

No. lOOBV. 10 ft. Ea.,$4.50 I No. 104BV. 14 ft. Ea.,$6.50 
No. 102BV, 12 ft. " 5.50 No. 106BV. 16 ft. ' 7.00 



INDOOR POLE VAULTING BOARD 



I No. 117. Made up of sectional blocks 
of wood placed on end so that spike 
of vaulting pole will not split them. 
Bound in by heavy wood frame. 

^ Complete, $16.00 




PBOMPT'imNTIOKBHfEMIO 
ANY COMMUNICATIONS 
ADDRESSEO TO US-f 



A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



IFOR COMPLETE llSr OF STORES 
SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER 
OF THIS BOOK : 



I {n sffttl Julj/ 5,1916. Subject to thangt uilhoul noliee, For Canadign prioa see special Canadian Cqlatosue- 



Se THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK 



Spalding 

Three adjustment styl 




"Official Olympic" Hurdle 

Patented December 22. 1914 

Exclusive Spalding Model. This hurdle is made so that 
it is instantly adjustable to the three different 
heights required in hurdle races under various 
rules: 2 feet 6 inches, 3 feet, 3 feet 6 inches. 
No. 31. Three adjustment. . . Each, $ 5.00 
Set of forty 140.00 

Spalding Lanes for Sprint Races 



s.i- 



No! L 



1 



No. L. Sufficient stakes and cord to lay out four 
100-yard lanes. Stakes are made with pointed 
ends and sufficiently strong so that they can be 
driven into hard ground Set, $15.00 





Competitors* Numbers 








Printed on Heavy Manila Paper 


or Strong L 


inen 1 


1 f\ 


Manila Linen 




Manila Linen 


III 


Set Set 




Set Set 


III 


No.l. 1 to 50. $ .25 $2.50 No. 4. 


1 to 150. 


$ .75 $7.50 


1 w 


No. 2. 1 to 75. .38 3.75 No. 5. 


1 to 200. 


1.00 10.00 




No 3 1 to 100 50 5.00 Nr>. fi. 


1 tn 2S0. 


1.25 12.50 




For larger meets we supply Competitors* Numbers, on Manila paper only, in seU as follows : 


No. 7. 1 to 300. . . . Set, $1.50 


No. 16. 


1 to 1200. . . 


Set, $6.00 


No. 8. 1 to 400. . 






' 2.00 


No. 17. 


1 to 1300. . . 


" 6.50 


No. 9. 1 to 500. . 






2.50 


No. 18. 


1 to 1400. . . 


" 7.00 


No. 10. 1 to 600. . 






' 3.00 


No. 19. 


1 to 1500. . 


" 7.50 


No. 11. 1 to 700. . 






' 3.50 


No. 20. 


1 to 1600. . . 


" 8.00 


No. 12. 1 to 800. . 






" 4.00 


No. 21. 


1 to 1700. . . 


" 8.50 


No. 13. 1 to 900. . 






' 4.50 


No. 22. 


1 to 1800. . . 


• 9.00 


No. 14. 1 to 1000. . 






' 5.00 


No. 23. 


1 to 1900. . . 


" 9.50 


No. 15. 1 to 1100. . 




. " 5.50 


No. 24. 


1 to 2000. . . 


« 10.00 


iJPROMPTHTTENTl&NGiVtNTO 
11 ANY COMMUNICATIONS 


A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 


FOR COM 
SEE IN 


PLHE LIST OF STORES 
Smt FRONT COVER 


\l ADDRESSED TO US 


STORES IN AL 


L LARGE CITIES 


,_i 




'Prices in eja 


/ July 5, 1 


916 


Subj 


eel to change viithoul noUte. For Canadian prices xe special C 


^anadian C 


atahsue. 



^Si?[rE THE SPALDING 




TRADE-MARK "^Sf 



No.S 




Spalding Take-off Board 

The Take-ofF Board is used for the running broad jump, 
and is a necessary adjunct to the athletic field. Regula- 
tion size; painled white. ...... Each, $3.50 



Spalding Toe Board or Stop Board 

Vsed when putting the 16-lb. shot, throwing weights and 
discus, and is curved on the arc of a 7-foot circle. Toe 
Board, regulation size, painted w^hite and substantially 
made. ..,.,... Each, $4.00 

Spalding Sector Flags 

"Used for marking the sector within which shot, hammer, 

discus, etc., must be thrown. 
JNo. S, Spalding Sector Flags, metal. . , Each, 75c. 

..Spalding Referees' Whistles 

No. 7. Nickel-plated, heavy metal whistle. . Each, 35c. 

No. 4. Horn Whistle, nickel-plated, heavy metal. " 75c, 

No. 3. Nickel-plated, special deep tone. . . " 25c. 

No. 2. Very reliable. Popular design. . , ." 25c. 



Spalding Foot Ball Officials' Whistles 

No. 3W. Loudest and clearest whistle yet manufactured. 
Can be heard above crowd cheering in places as large as 
the Harvard Stadium or the Yale Bowl. Whistle is at- 
to wrist band of leather. ., , . , . . . Each, $1.75 

Potato Race Equipment 

'.-^otatoes, official specifications. . . . Set of eight, $2.50 
Receptacle for potato race Each, 3.50 

'Official Harness for Three-Legged Racing 

Made according to official rules. Complete set of straps for 
fastening men, and with extra straps for keeping fastenings 

at required height in long distance races. 
iNo. I. Official Harness for Three-Legged Racing. Set, $2.50 



Spalding Official Sacks for Sack Races 

Strongly reinforced, will wear for a great length of ti.-ne,^ 
and by their construction it is practically impossible fof 
racers to work their feet free. These sacks are made in 

e.vact accordance with official regulations. 
No. MS. Men's Sack, reinforced, 3 ft. wide. Each, $1.50 

Spalding Official Batons for Relay Races 

No. X. Hollow wood. Correct size, length and weight. ELa., 50c. 

Patent Steel Tape Chain on Patent Electric 

Reel^For Measuring Distances in Athletic Competitionj 

Superior steel about ,'4 inch wide. The reel allows the entire 
tape open to dry and can be reeled and unreeled as easily 
as tapes in cases. Especially adapted to lay off courses 
and long measurements. Last foot only marked in inches. 

No. IB. 100 feet long Each. $5.00 

No. lie. 200 feet long " 7.50 

Official Athletic Steel Measuring Tape 

No. 11 IB. 300 feet long; has etched markings throughout; 
feet, inches and eighths. Complete on reel, with con- 
venient wood handle • . . Each, $16.50 

Patent "Angle" Steel Measuring Tape 

Especially adapted for laying off base ball diamonds, tennis 
courts and all kinds of athletic fields, both outdoors and 
indoors. Right angles accurately determined ; also equally 
good for straight or any kind of measuring. Enclosed in hard 
leather case, flush handles with patent automatic handle 
opener; all mountings nickel-plated. Accuracy guaranteed. 
No. A. 50 ft. long, f s in. wide. ...... ELach, $4.00 

No. B. 100 ft. long, }i in. vvide. , .. . . " 6.73 

Spalding Stop Watches 

No.S. Combined Chronometer and Stop Watch. Keeps good 
time and in addition to regular hands has split second hand. 
A very satisfactory time-piece as well as a useful article 
for athletes. Supplied on special orders only. ELach, $15.00 

No. 1. Stem winder, nickel-plated case, porcelain dial regis- 
tered to 60 seconds by 1-3 seconds, fly back engaging and 
disengagmg mechanism. . Each, $7.50 



PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO 

INYGeMMUNICATIONSi 

. /iSDRESSED TO US 



A. G.SPALDING &. BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE IIST OF STORES 

SiL INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



^Priaa 61 ^ecl July 5, 1916, Subject to change Ullhout nolite. For CanaJinn pricet lee iptcial Camdian Catalogin, 



THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK t™ 



SPALDING OFFICIAL BASKET BALL 

Cover is made in four sections, with capless ends and of finest and most 
carefully selected pebble grain leather, special tanned. Extra heavy 
bladder, made especially for this ball, of extra quality pure Para rubber 
(not compounded). Each ball packed complete, in sealed box, with raw^- 
hide lace and lacing needle, and guaranteed perfect in every detail. 

No. M. Spalding Official Basket Ball. Each, $8.00 




WE fiUAR ANTEE ***'^ ^*" *° ^^ perfect in material and workmanship and 
'' *^ VJVyr^ixr^i-^ M. M^M^ correct in shape and size when inspected at our factory. 
If any defect is discovered during the first game in which it is used, or during the first 
day's practice use, and, if returned at once, we will replace same under lis guarantee. 
We do not guarantee against ordinary wear nor against defect in shape or size that is 
not discovered 'mmediately after the first day's use. Owing to the superb quality of 
our No. M Bzisket Ball, our customers have grown to expect a season's use of one ball, 
and at times make unreasonable claims under our guarantee, which we will not allow. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



mENTION GIVEN TO 
ANY COMMUNICATIONS 
ADDRESSED TO US 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



I fOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS BOOK 



Pricee in effect January 5. 1916. Subject to ch&nge witbeut notice. For Canadian price* see ipeqAl Canadian Catalogua.} 



STANDARD QUALITY 

An article that is universally given the appellation "Standard" is thereby conceded to be the Criterion, to which Ar* 
compared all other things of a similar nature. For instance, the Gold Dollar of the Uni'ted States is the Standard unit 
ol currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, and the fact of its being Genuine i* 
guaranteed by the Government Stamp thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and 
other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Elxperts. Under the law, citizen 
manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against coun* 
terfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives" or "Public Opinion" to assist them. 

Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and "inferior quality" rests entirely upon th« 
integrity and responsibility of the "Manufacturer." 

A. G. Spalding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Quality," for forty years, caused their Trade-Mark to 
become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable' in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field. 

The necessity of upholding the guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and maintaining the Standard Quality of their 
Athletic Goods, is, therefore, as obvious as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. 

Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable 
Manufacturer in upholding his Trade-Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic 
Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly 
•tamped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards' maintaining 
Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual. 

Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered 
and emphasized by makers of "inferior goods," with whom low prices are the main consideration. 

A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect, must necea- 
•arily have higher prices than a manufacturer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality 
depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. ^y9 .^ 

We know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable .^f^^,^^^ y^ " ,y^ 

than poverty in quality— and we avoid this quicksand by Standard Quality. ^^V, J^ t^^*^'^^^*-*^ ^^/^i/^^' 



STANDARD POLICY 

A Standard Quality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. 

Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Quality. 

To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail 
dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on 
his goods to the consumer. 

To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, 
ihesc'high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer ha» 
•ecured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. 

However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, m reality, is not ever 
expected to pay these fancy list prices. 

When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer 
begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can. by offering "special discounts." which 
vary with local trade conditions. 

Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the Jobber are assured-; but as there is- 
no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a 
demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. 

This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The 
manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.: the cheapening 
and degrading of the quality of his product. . , n i i r 

The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that,'!l 7 years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify 
this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The Spalding Policy." 

The "Spalding Policy" eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer 
secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair, 
legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Quality and is 
protected from imposition. , . i , . ^.^ t i 

The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts m two ways: 

fery best r«w 
^ espective (euoiu, and tlus enable* us to pro- 
vide the necestary quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard o£ Quality. 

All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue 
prices — neither more nor less — the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York. Chicago and other stores. 

All Spalding dealers, as well &s users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebates or 
discriminations are allowed to anyone. 

This, briefly, is the "Spalding Policy," which has already been in successful operation for the past 17 years, and wdi 
be indefinitely continued. 

b> other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



LIBRARY 




ATHLETIC 1/ 



.-x^ book covers every Athletic Sport 
and IS Official and Standard 
Price 10 cents each 



GRAND PRIZF 




ms^sm. 



'^irzs^-^' 



ST.L0UIS.1904 ^irAJUJLllNG PArTs 1900 

ATHLETIC GOODS 

ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD 



A.G. Spalding ^ Bros. 



MAINTAIN WHOLESALE 
NEW YORK CI 



RETAIL STO 



FOLLOWIN 



MILWAUKEE 
V DETROIT 



i>LV> YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS 

BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 

PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO 

NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES 

ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTIE 

BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY 

?ACUSE ROCHESTER INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND 

BALTIMORE WASHINGTON PITTS BURGH M 1 NNEAPOLI S 
LONDON. ENGLAND ATLANTA ST PAUL 

LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND LOUISVILLE DENVER 

BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND NEW ORLEANS DALLAS 

MANCHESTER, ENGLAND MONTREAL. CANADA 

BRISTOL. ENGLAND » TORONTO, CANADA 

EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND PARIS, FRANCE 



NGHAM. ENGLAND NEW ORLEANS DALLAS 

:HESTER, ENGLAND MONTREAL. CANADA 

ISTOL. ENGLAND » TORONTO, CANADA 

DINBURGH. SCOTLAND PARIS, FRANCE 

GLASGOW. SCOTLAND SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA 

>ed ana operated Ly A.G.Spa Idmc & Bros, and w^erc c/i of Sna/d,n^s 



NEW YORK CHICAGO. SABT FRANCfSCO 
BttOOKMrH BQSXQK PHUADELPHIA 



CmcOPEE. BIASS, 
GORDON, ENG. 



